Detection of additive and additive×environment interaction effects of QTLs for yield‐component traits of rice using single‐segment substitution lines (SSSLs)

Additive effects (A) and additive‐by‐environment interactions (A×E) for five rice yield components were analysed using 20 SSSLs under mixed linear model methodology. Thirty‐one QTLs were detected. Different yield components have different QTL‐by‐environment (Q×E) interaction patterns. No A×E interaction effects were detected for the four QTLs for panicle number (PN). Four QTLs detected for spikelets per panicle (SPP) had A×E interactions. Five of seven QTLs detected for grains per panicle (GPP), two of 10 QTLs detected for 1000‐grains weight (GWT) and three of six QTLs detected for seed set ratio (SSR) showed significant A×E interaction. Most of these QTLs were distributed in clusters across the genome. The complexity of linkage and pleiotropy of these QTLs plus environmental effect may result in the diversity of the yield phenotype in the SSSLs. Only S19 exhibited a significant increase in yield with a predicted gain by 281.58 kg ha^?1. The results may be useful to design a better breeding strategy that takes advantage of QTL‐by‐environment interaction effects in each of the SSSLs.     

Construction of chromosomal segment substitution lines and genetic dissection of introgressed segments associated with yield determination in the parents of a super‐hybrid rice

Heterosis is a phenomenon whereby hybrids of inbred lines produce favourable phenotypes that exceed those of their parents. Traits of interest are higher yield and stronger stress tolerance. The two‐line super‐hybrid rice ‘Liangyoupei9’ (LYP9) shows superiority to both its elite inbred line ‘93‐11’ and ‘Pei'ai64s’ (‘PA64s’) parents and conventional hybrids. However, the genetic basis of its hybrid vigour, especially yield determination, remains elusive. In the present study, a set of 156 chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) carrying overlapping segments from ‘PA64s’ in a genetic background of ‘93‐11’ were constructed and planted in six environments. Three major agronomic traits, viz. panicle length (PL), heading date (HD) and plant height (PH), and five yield‐related traits, viz. grain weight per panicle (GWP), number of grains per panicle (GPP), 1000‐grain weight (TGW), seed set (SS) and number of panicles of per plant (PPP), were evaluated over 3 years. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was conducted using a likelihood ratio test based on stepwise regression. Forty‐six putative QTL distributed on 11 chromosomes were detected in more than one year. Remarkably, GWP of four CSSLs carrying positive yield QTL outperformed the recurrent parent ‘93‐11’ by more than 15%, in at least two environments. These results indicate that CSSLs are effective in identifying yield‐associated traits, and lines harbouring such QTL will be rich in resources for future molecular breeding programmes.     

利用单片段代换系测交群体定位玉米产量相关性状的杂种优势位点

杂种优势利用是提高农作物产量与品质的一种重要途径, 而明确杂种优势的遗传机制将促进优良玉米新品种的选育, 但是截至目前其遗传机制仍然不清楚。本研究以玉米自交系lx9801背景的昌7-2的单片段代换系为基础材料, 利用与自交系T7296的测交群体, 对昌7-2和lx9801对应染色体片段与T7296之间存在差异的杂种优势位点进行了分析, 共检测出64个不同穗部性状和产量的杂种优势位点(HL), 其中23个在2个环境中同时被检测到, 包括4个穗长的HL, 4个穗粗的HL, 4个穗行数的HL, 7个行粒数的HL和4个产量的HL, 并在多个染色体片段上鉴定出同时包含产量及其构成因子的杂种优势位点, 该研究为进一步解析玉米产量杂种优势形成的遗传机制奠定了材料基础。     

基于分量替换高分辨率遥感图像融合方法的对比研究

基于分量替换的高分辨率遥感图像融合是一种十分重要的融合方法,但对该方法的融合原理的深入分析在国内还鲜有报道。为此对分量替换融合方法进行原理探究和实验对比分析。首先从线性代数的角度来阐述分量替换融合算法的实质,并对两种典型的构造可替换波段的分量替换方法（基于光谱响应函数模拟低分辨率全色波段的Gram-Schmidt融合法（GS1）和基于多元一次线性回归拟合低分辨率全色波段的Gram-Schmidt（GS2）融合法进行原理说明;其次,选取QuickBird全色与多光谱图像数据,进行三种有代表性的基于分量替换的融合方法（PCA,GS1,GS2）的对比分析。通过对比融合前后典型地物的光谱特性变化来评价融合影像的光谱保真性也是该研究的一大特色。结果表明:3种融合方法都具有很高的光谱保真性,GS2融合方法具有最优的光谱保真性,PCA和GS1融合算法次之,尤其是GS1融合处理后的图像存在部分光谱失真的现象,GS2算法的光谱保真性明显优于GS1。从基于分量替换融合方法的实质可以诠释出造成GS1融合图像光谱失真的根本原因,GS1融合算法使用的只是实验室理想环境下所获取的名义上的光谱响应特征。传感器的实际成像过程受到诸多因素的影响,如传感器在轨工作环境、大气、观测角度不同等的影响。GS1算法单纯通过不同波段光谱响应函数的线性组合来模拟低分辨率全色波段并不十分准确,GS2直接利用MS和Pan波段像元灰度值进行线性回归,克服了上述不确定性问题。通过以上对比研究发现,如何利用多光谱数据准确地模拟低分辨率全色波段,直接影响到融合后影像的光谱保真性,是目前高分辨率遥感图像融合的关键技术。     

民族地区旅游地形象认知的替代效应与旅游形象策划

本文从心理认知的角度解释了旅游地形象认知的替代效应的概念和表现 ,结合民族地区旅游业发展的现状 ,对民族地区旅游形象认知的替代效应对旅游地的促进和抑制作用进行了研究 ,并以甘肃省临潭县旅游形象策划为例 ,对民族地区如何利用替代效应促进作用以及消除其抑制作用进行旅游地形象策划提出了意见。     

染色体单片段代换系的构建及应用于QTL精细定位

染色体片段代换系(Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines,CSSLs),又称为代换系(Substitution lines,SLs)或导入系(Introgression lines,ILs)。只含一个代换片段的代换系,即单片段代换系(Single Segment Substitution Lines,SSSLs)是理想的代换系。单片段代换系只有代换片段与受体亲本不同,其它遗传背景与受体亲本完全一致,对代换区段中的QTL进行分析时遗传背景干扰很小,有利于QTL的分析,不少学者利用单片段代换系材料对许多QTL进行了鉴定和精细定位,并克隆了一些重要性状的QTL。本文介绍了染色体单片段代换系构建的原理和利用微卫星标记(SSR）进行单片段代换系鉴定的方法,讨论了代换系构建过程中值得注意的问题,并对用染色体单片段代换系进行QTL精细定位做了展望。     

阳离子半纤维素的制备及对纸张的增强作用研究

以三倍体毛白杨硫酸盐法制浆造纸过程中预提取出来的半纤维素为原料,在乙醇-水介质中制备季铵型阳离子半纤维素.讨论了醚化剂用量、NaOH用量、反应温度、反应时间等对取代度的影响.结果表明,最佳合成条件为:氢氧化钠用量6%、醚化剂用量30%、乙醇用量50%、反应温度60℃、反应时间3.0h,在此条件下可以得到取代度为0.034的阳离子半纤维素.采用红外光谱对改性前后半纤维素的结构变化进行表征,并使用所合成的阳离子半纤维素作为纸张增强剂,研究了它对纸张的增强作用.研究发现,当阳离子半纤维素的加入量为0.7%(取代度为0.034)时,可显著提高纸张的强度.     

A stochastic frontier analysis of technical progress, efficiency change and productivity growth in the Pacific Northwest sawmill industry

Stochastic frontier analysis was employed to investigate technical efficiency and productivity growth in the sawmilling industry of the U.S. Pacific Northwest over the period 1968–2002. The results of our analysis indicate that productivity growth was strong over the 30-year study period, due almost exclusively to technical progress. The model developed in this analysis was used to examine the cause of employment declines in the sawmilling industry between 1988 and 1994. We found that that 62% of the decline was due to changes in output and non-labor input factors and 38% was due to technical change alone.     

QTL mapping for agronomic and fibre traits using two interspecific chromosome substitution lines of Upland cotton

CS‐B14Sh and CS‐B22Sh are cotton interspecific chromosome substitution (CS)‐B lines, in which a pair of short arms of chromosome 14 and chromosome 22 were introgressed from Gossypium barbadense doubled‐haploid line 3‐79 with the background of Gossypium hirsutum line TM‐1, respectively. These two CS‐B lines were crossed with TM‐1, and segregating progenies (F₂ and F_2:3, respectively) were obtained. Phenotypic data of lint yield, yield‐related traits and fibre‐quality traits were collected from two trials. In the cross CS‐B14SH X TM‐1, QTL for boll weight (BW), lint percentage (LP), fibre upper half mean length (UHML), micronaire reading (MIC), and fibre breaking tensile strength (STR) were repeatedly detected. Alleles from 3‐79 decreased BW and MIC, but increased UHML and STR. In the cross CS‐B22Sh X TM‐1, QTL for BW, LP, UHML, MIC, STR, fibre elongation (EL),seed weight(SW), node of first fruiting branch (NFB) and fibre uniformity index (UI) were repeatedly detected, and alleles from 3‐79 decreased UHML, UI and STR, but increased NFB, SW, MIC and EL. QTL clusters were found in both populations.     

水稻染色体片段代换系对氮、磷胁迫反应差异及其QTL分析

利用来源于9311(籼稻)与日本晴(粳稻)杂交后代衍生的遗传背景为9311的染色体片段代换系群体,分析其在大田正常、低氮和低磷条件下的单株有效穗和单株产量的差异。结果表明,低磷、低氮胁迫对单株有效穗和单株产量影响较大。代换系对低磷和低氮的反应存在明显差异。在低氮(磷)水平下共检测到26个单株有效穗和单株产量片段或QTL,以及12个相对单株有效穗和相对单株产量QTL。源于日本晴的等位基因均呈减效作用。低磷和低氮下共同检测到5个导入片段影响单株有效穗或单株产量。而大部分(约81%)QTL只在单胁迫处理下被检测到。表明水稻对磷胁迫和氮胁迫的反应既存在不同的遗传基础,也存在共同的遗传机制。