新疆昌吉州波斑鸨分布与数量考察初报

本文报道了波斑鸨（Ｏｔｉｓｕｎｄｕｌａｔａ＝Ｕｎｄｕｌａｔａｕｎｄｕｌａｔａ）在新疆昌吉州境内的分布和种群数量。昌吉州为我国波斑鸨的主要繁殖地，繁殖区由三片不连续的地区组成，总面积约１３４００ｋｍ２，界于Ｅ８８°３０’－９１°１５’，Ｎ４３°５７’－４５°之间。据１２条样带统计结果，平均栖息密度为０．０３２±０．００８２只／ｋｍ２，种群数量为４２８．８±１００．８８只，即３１９—５３９只。     

碱性蛋白酶酶解波纹巴非蛤制备小分子肽

以波纹巴非蛤为原料,用碱性蛋白酶酶解波纹巴非蛤肉蛋白制备小分子肽,并运用响应面方法设计优化波纹巴非蛤酶解的工艺条件。结果表明:在pH值6.5、液固比为3∶1、酶含量为2.50%、酶解温度为50.4℃、酶解时间122.60 min的条件下,小分子肽的提取率最高、为63.04%。     

铅对波纹巴非蛤的急性毒性和组织蓄积性研究

[目的]研究不同浓度Pb2+对波纹巴非蛤的急性毒性。[方法]采用水生动物急性毒性试验方法,研究了不同浓度(3.0~7.0mg/L)Pb2+对波纹巴非蛤(Paphia undulata)的急性毒性,分别对96 h半致死浓度(4.119 mg/L)和安全浓度(0.041 mg/L)下0~120 h各组织中Pb2+的蓄积量进行了测定。[结果]Pb2+对波纹巴非蛤24、48、72和96 h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为7.187、5.788、4.646和4.119 mg/L,安全浓度(SC)为0.041 mg/L。铅对波纹巴非蛤的毒性级别为高毒级(LC50为1~100 mg/L)。在96 h半致死浓度和安全浓度下,120 h波纹巴非蛤各组织Pb2+的蓄积量从大到小均依次为鳃、内脏、肌肉。[结论]食用波纹巴非蛤有一定的安全风险。     

麒麟菜与贝类混养体系净化富营养化海水的研究

研究了热带亚热带类型双壳贝类沟纹巴非蛤(Paphia exarata Philippi) 和热带大型海藻异枝麒麟菜 (Kappaphycus striatum Schmitz) 净化富营养化海水的效果。发现沟纹巴非蛤和麒麟菜混养能有效地清除富营养化水体中的N、P和chla。影响综合评价指标、N清除率、P清除率和chla清除率的因素均为麒麟菜﹥贝;其中麒麟菜对各指标的影响均为极显著(P﹤0.01);贝对N清除率、chla清除率的影响为极显著(P﹤0.01),对综合评价指标、P清除率有一定影响,但不显著。最佳混养组合为：麒麟菜养殖量6Kg/m3、沟纹巴非蛤养殖量60只/m3（40g±2g/只）。     

花叶玉簪组织培养技术的研究

以花叶玉簪‘France’,‘So Sweet’2个品种嫩芽为外植体进行的组织培养技术研究结果表明,以培养基MS+2.0 mg/L 6-BA+1.0 mg/L NAA诱导不定芽萌发较为适宜;在培养基MS+3.0 mg/L 6-BA+1.0 mg/L NAA上进行不定芽增殖,诱导效果最好,增殖系数分别达3.5和3.4,且植株生长健壮。最适宜的生根培养基为1/2MS+0.5mg/L NAA+1 g/L活性炭。     

Comparing the model forms estimating generalised diameter-height relationships in Tecomella undulata plantations in hot arid region of India

Four generalised diameter-height equations were developed and compared for pure and even-aged stands of Tecomella undulata in hot arid region of Rajasthan State in India. The data used to fit the equations consisted of 1 540 diameter-height observations collected from the plots laid out in uniformly stocked stands of varying age and density. The performance of four equations was tested by non-linear least squares regression and evaluated using different statistical criteria. Finally, these equations, with the same values of coefficients ob- tained during the fitting phase, were validated by an independent data set consisting of 854 diameter-height observations. Overall, equation （4） （Hui and Gadow function） was found to perform best for both the fitting data set as well as validation data set.     

一株淡紫紫孢菌的分离、鉴定及生物学特性研究

【目的】研究北部湾沿海 3 个织锦巴非蛤（Paphia textile）群体间的形态差异,对保护北部湾织锦巴非蛤的种质资源、识别其地理群体以及人工选育具有重要意义。【方法】利用形态特征分析、方差分析、主成分分析、判别分析和聚类分析等 5 种多元统计分析方法,对北部湾沿岸广西东兴、广西北海和广东湛江 3个野生织锦巴非蛤群体进行形态学比较分析。【结果】北海群体壳型最圆,壳高系数为 0.585,贝壳较厚重,壳厚系数为 0.033,壳质量系数为 0.388,软体部最饱满,软体质量系数为 0.134;东兴群体壳型最扁,壳高系数为0.571,贝壳薄且轻,壳厚系数为 0.032,壳质量系数为 0.135;湛江群体贝壳隆起程度最低,壳宽系数为 0.366,贝壳厚重,壳厚系数为 0.035,壳质量系数为 0.325。经主成分分析得到 3 个主成分,主成分 1、主成分 2、主成分 3 的贡献率分别为 37.366%、22.205%、12.718%,累积贡献率为 72.289%。通过判別分析建立了 3 个群体的判别函数,判别准确率 P1 为 94.00%~100.00%,P2 为 92.11%~100.00%,3 个群体的综合判别率为 97.56%。聚类分析结果显示,湛江群体和广西北海群体形态最为接近,而与广西东兴群体差异较大,同时广西东兴群体的趋异程度也最大。【结论】与广西北海群体和广东湛江群体相比较,广西东兴群体织锦巴非蛤形态差异最大,且种群内个体间形态差异也最大,而广西北海群体与广东湛江群体的织锦巴非蛤在形态上更为相近。     

不同因素对深澳湾波纹巴非蛤滤水率的影响

笔者于2013年12月采用实验生态学方法,在室内进行不同体质量不同投饵时间、不同饵料密度对波纹巴非蛤[Paphia undulata(Born)〗滤水率的影响实验。结果表明:(1)波纹巴非蛤的滤水率(FR)随着体质量的增大而增大,单位体质量的滤水率(FR')随着其规格的增大而减小,FR'=0.330 3W-0.356 9(R2=0.996 5)。(2)分别以金藻和扁藻作为饵料,测定了8:00,14:00及20:00这3个时间点的滤水率,滤水率在8:00最大,14:00及20:00依次减小,3个时间点滤水率差异显著(P0.05)。(3)以金藻和扁藻作为混合藻,滤水率随着藻密度的增加而增大,当浓度超过3.06×105cell·L-1,滤水率反而下降。     

Nutritional Qualities of the Low-Value Bivalve Mollusks Paphia malabarica and Villorita cyprinoides at the Estuarine Waters of the Southwestern Coast of India

The bivalve mollusks Paphia malabarica and Villorita cyprinoides collected from the estuarine system located in the southwest coastal waters of India were evaluated for their nutritional composition. A balanced essential to nonessential amino acid ratio (> 1.0) with a greater quantity of sulfur-containing amino acids in these species demonstrated that they could provide well-balanced protein depositions. The n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio in P. malabarica was found to be greater than 2, and, therefore, can be considered as a healthy diet. The C₂₀–C₂₂ long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids (for example, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid) accounted for more than 23% of the total fatty acid content in P. malabarica as compared to about 7% in V. cyprinoides. P. malabarica showed greater hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (1.7) and lesser atherogenicity (0.7), thrombogenicity (0.3) indices when contrasted with those in V. cyprinoides, thereby indicating the nutritional superiority of the former. A greater content of vitamin D₃ (> 150 IU), along with significant quantities of calcium and phosphorus (> 500 mg/100 g) in the clams, signified their importance in preventing osteoporosis. This study demonstrated the importance of bivalves, in particular, P. malabarica as a valued species for human consumption.     

波斑鸨的生态生物学研究现状

波斑鸨是生存于荒漠和半荒漠地区的一种中型鸨科鸟类,全世界共3个亚种,被IUCN列为易危种。近几十年来,由于工农业用地的扩大和过度放牧造成的栖息地退化和丧失,以及狩猎等因素导致波斑鸨野外种群数量锐减。为有效保护这一物种,有关学者在波斑鸨的生物生态学领域开展了广泛而又深入的研究。从地理分布与种群数量、栖息地选择、采食习性、活动模式与节律、行为、巢域、繁殖生物学、迁徙、致危原因和保护与恢复生态学10个方面,对波斑鸨研究现状进行了综述。