甜杏仁深加工技术及综合利用初探

依照华北地区甜杏仁的种植和加工现状,探讨甜杏仁深加工技术及综合利用新方向,着重研究甜杏仁蛋白粉和杏肉清汁的加工工艺。介绍在甜杏仁蛋白粉和杏肉清汁制取过程中所需要的主要设备及技术关键点,旨在为甜杏仁的深加工及其综合利用开辟新的途径。     

发展竹浆造纸 节约木材资源

随着社会经济水平的发展,中国纸及纸板的现有产品结构已不适应纸张消费市场的变化与发展,加剧了国内市场对进口纸及纸板的依赖性。竹材纤维细长,是制浆造纸的优质原料。竹浆纸的开发有利于节约木材资源,有利于环境保护。中国竹资源丰富,发展竹浆造纸的市场前景非常广阔。因此,在造纸工业中实现以竹代木,建立林纸一体化的竹浆生产基地,将成为节约木材资源,减少纸及纸浆的进口,使制浆造纸工业得以持续发展的有利途径。     

湖北省马尾松纸浆林主伐年龄的确定

利用湖北省马尾松人工林的样地资料,建立了优势高生长方程,林分自然稀疏方程,未疏伐林分直径生长方程,疏伐后林分生长预测方程,直径分布模型、树高曲线方程,根据现场造林资料,建立了材种出材材种材性达到工艺要求的最低年龄,采用现现法（基准贴现率为１２％）进行经济分析,以净现值（ＮＰＶ）最大（适当考虑内部收益率ＩＲＲ）来确定经济成熟。根据“以工艺成熟为基限,重点考虑经济成熟,适当兼顾数量成熟”的原则,确定不     

用马尔柯夫过程理论进行马尾松优化密度探讨

以马尔柯夫过程理论为基础,利用太子山林管局马尾松密度试验林连续７年的定位观测资料,对马尾松纸浆林的生长过程进行模拟。结果表明：马尔柯夫过程的模拟结果能够定量揭示林分生长的动态规律,且在主伐年龄为１９年以上时,在试验林安排的３种密度中（１００００株／ｈｍ＾２,６６６７株／ｈｍ＾２,５０００株／ｈｍ＾２）,５０００株／ｈｍ＾２密度的林分可获得最大蓄积量。     

Inhibition by pulp juice and enhancement by ingestion on germination of bird-dispersedPrunus seeds

To evaluate what prevents seed germination and why ingestion by birds enhances germination, we carried out germination experiments using bird-dispersed seeds of twoPrunus species (Prunus sargentii andP. ssiori) in the laboratory. Germination of seeds with following four treatments was compared: “Ingested seeds” excreted after feeding of fruits to birds; “Extracted seeds” deliberately extracted from the fruit pulp; “Juiced seeds” which were supplemented with the juice of the pulp after seeds had been deliberately extracted from the pulp; and “Intact seeds” in untreated whole fruits. Many ingested (27%, 23% inP. sargentii, 18% inP. ssiori) and extracted seeds (24% inP. sargentii, 17% inP. ssiori) germinated, and difference in germination percentages between ingested and extracted seeds were not significant, for eitherPrunus species. The Juiced seeds rarely germinated (2% inP. sargentii, 6% inP. ssiori), and seeds within intact fruits did not germinate. These results suggest that the fruit pulp and the juice of the pulp inhibit germination and the seeds could germinate without ingestion by birds once they had been manually extracted from pulp. Therefore, it is considered that bird ingestion enahnces germination by removing pulp, especially juice of the pulp, in these twoPrunus species.     

几种植物浆养殖卤虫的饵料效果

以各种植物浆为饵料培养卤虫,培养效果差异显著,陆生植物优于水生植物.其中以黄豆叶浆养殖的卤虫成活和生长最佳,第16天时平均存活率(69.6%)和体长(6.436±0.956mm)与螺旋藻粉组相似(分别为66.0%、6.461±1.181mm)而优于酵母组(分别为29.8%、5.216±1.030mm).以黄豆叶浆养殖的卤虫的粗蛋白及氨基酸含量略低于酵母和螺旋藻粉喂养的卤虫,在高密度卤虫养殖中可替代部分螺旋藻粉,降低卤虫养殖的饵料成本.     

Selection, propagation and cultivation of Pinus massoniana clones for pulp use

Based on the growth, wood property of the ortets, and rooting abilities of cuttings, 32 Pinus massoniana clones for pulp use were selected from forests of superior provenance, mixed families, and progeny test of seed orchard by two-step selection. The average height and DBH growth of three-year-old clones were 28.6% and 16.7%, respectively, higher than those from seedlings, and average gain of wood density reached 8.7%. Rooting rate of all these clones was over 80%, 28% higher than the clones selected by a single step. A cutting orchard of 0.33 hm² on the hillside was constructed to intensively produce cuttings according to the tests on construction methods, pruning, and fertilization. A total of 50,000 grade I, 37,500 grade II, and 62,500 grade III cuttings were collected per hectare of this cutting orchard each time, and were cut three times each year. With all the above techniques, 48 hm² of clonal forests for pulp use of those clones had been planted in five places in Fujian Province. Container stecklings are more likely to increase the planting survival rate. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2004, 40(1): 64–69 [译自: 林业科学]     

桉树优良无性系制浆造纸性能与适应性的研究

对福建漳州岩溪、天马和南靖3个试验点桉树品系的抗风抗冻、纤维材生长性状、木材纤维形态和化学组成成分等性能的测定与分析,经多性状综合评判、交互效应与变异分析,从中选择出具有抗逆性强、纸浆性能好、较高生长量、生物量和纤维产量,适合闽南山地发展的C9、C10和C6等3个桉树优良品系 这3个无性系4年生年平均树高和胸径生长量、每株干·a-1和4 2～7 5kg·材重量和纤维产量分别可达3 7～4 4m、3 3～3 7cm、9 2～16 1kg·株-1株\+-1·a-1,且抗逆性强、稳定性好、木材纤维形态和化学组成等良好特性,是制浆造纸优质原料     

碱法草浆造纸蒸煮黑液厌氧生物降解及其主要微生物类群研究

采用中温(35±1℃)UASB AF相结合的反应器处理碱法草浆造纸蒸煮黑液,设计了两种试验方案。试验方案Ⅰ-碱法草浆黑液酸化后进行厌氧发酵,Ⅰ号反应器内装陶粒。试验方案Ⅱ-黑液用化学法(HCl)去除木质素后进行厌氧发酵,Ⅱ号反应器内装软填料。进行HRT、有机负荷和有机污染物(COD_(cr)、BOD_5)去除效率、沼气产气率相关性试验。在厌氧发酵稳态运行条件下,采用Hungate厌氧操作技术,MPN计数法对UASB AF反应器内厌氧污泥中的主要微生物类群区系组成进行了生态分析研究。     

世界溶解浆生产消费情况及未来发展趋势

文中总结分析了1961—2017年世界溶解浆生产和消费情况。溶解浆的生产和消费呈现由发达国家（地区）向发展中国家（地区）转移的趋势短期内不会改变。溶解浆生产属于技术和资金密集型产业,随着中国和印度等发展中国家制浆造纸工业的技术进步,溶解浆的生产量将增加,进口占比逐年降低。世界溶解浆的生产和消费量在今后若干年内仍呈增长趋势。2017年世界溶解浆的消耗量为792.9万t,进口量占比为64.3%。乐观预测到2030年世界溶解浆消费量将达到1 230万t,在2017年的基础上增加60%。中国是世界最大的溶解浆生产国、进口国和消费国,但溶解浆的生产成本居高不下,浆料品质不够稳定,与先进国家存在一定差距。亟待投入研究力量,开发适宜的溶解浆生产工艺,提升溶解浆质量并降低生产成本。