Above- and below-ground biomass and nutrient distribution of a paper birch and subalpine fir mixed-species stand in the Sub-Boreal Spruce zone of British Columbia

Stand structure, height and diameter growth, above- and below-ground biomass, and nutrient concentrations and content were determined for a 35-year-old fire-origin paper birch (Betula papyrifera) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) mixed-species stand in the Sub-Boreal Spruce (SBS) zone of British Columbia. Paper birch, which formed the dominant overstory following the 1961 fire, had normal distributions of height and diameter classes. Subalpine fir, which dominated the understory, had the reverse J-shaped height and diameter distributions that are expected of a shade tolerant, climax species. Paper birch grew more than three times the height of subalpine fir. Growing in the summer shade of the birch, subalpine fir had slow but steady height growth during the first 10–15 years, after which height growth declined somewhat. Allometric equations, relating dry weight of foliage, branches, stemwood, stembark, roots, and total biomass to diameter at breast height (DBH), were developed to estimate above- and below-ground biomass. Total biomass of paper birch reached 83.2 t ha⁻¹, while subalpine fir biomass was 26.7 t ha⁻¹. Subalpine fir allocated more biomass to foliage and branches compared to paper birch. Foliage of paper birch had higher nutrient concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg than subalpine fir foliage. Branches and stembark of subalpine fir had higher P, and Ca concentrations than paper birch. Subalpine fir branches contained more of all examined nutrients than paper birch branches. This is a significant component in nutrient cycling of the mixed-species forest.     

Soil surface evaporation processes under mulches of different sized gravel

To reduce water loss from soil surface evaporation is important in agricultural and environmental practices, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Gravel mulch has long been practiced to reduce soil surface evaporation. In this study, a series of simulation experiments were conducted to study the effects of gravel mulches of different sizes on evaporation process from soil surface. Four mulch treatment levels were used: diameter 0.5 cm (A), diameter 2.5 cm (B), diameter 4.5 cm (C), and bare soil (CK), with three replicates. It was found that the gravel mulches dramatically reduced the evaporation from bare soil surface, particularly when soil water contents were at high levels. Under the same soil water content, the evaporation reduction rates under gravel mulches were negatively correlated with gravel sizes. The evaporation processes under gravel mulches were much more stable as compared with that from bare soil surface. The ratio of the soil surface evaporation to the atmospheric evaporation (E_ss/E_sa) and soil water contents with no mulch decreased rapidly with time. Soil water contents decreased slowly with time under mulches while the E_ss/E_sa values maintained at the more or less stable levels. During the successive evaporation process of 41 days, the cumulative soil surface evaporation under mulches was linearly correlated with time but that from bare soil surface was logarithmically correlated with time.     

全生物降解地膜对南疆花生产量及土壤理化性质的影响

为研究全生物降解地膜覆盖对南疆花生产量及土壤理化性质的影响,采用PBAT(聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯)型聚酯全生物降解地膜(简称:降解膜)覆盖为处理、普通聚乙烯PE地膜覆盖为对照(CK),分析降解膜覆盖对花生试验区土壤温度、水分、养分及产量等相关指标的影响.结果 显示:①降解膜的破损率随花生生育进程表现为6-8月较小(3%~14%),到10月收获期显著增大(29%).②降解膜处理的花生产量与CK无显著差异.③花生生育期内,降解膜覆盖0~30 cm平均土壤温度较CK高0.35℃,其中,膜下5cm、15cm和25cm分别较CK高0.38℃、0.39℃和0.27℃,但两处理间的平均土壤温度差异均不显著.降解膜覆盖0~30 cm平均土壤含水率较CK高2.08%,其中,膜下5 cm和25 cm分别较CK高3.39%和4.74%(p<0.05),而膜下15 cm的较CK低1.89%(p<0.05).④降解膜覆盖对花生不同生育时期(6月和10月)、不同土层(0~20 cm和20~40cm)的土壤速效氮磷钾养分、盐分、土壤容重以及土壤pH均无显著影响.因此,本研究认为,全生物降解地膜替代普通PE地膜应用于南疆花生栽培生产是可行的.     

覆盖方式对信阳五月鲜桃果园土壤和树体光合特性的影响

为了筛选出适宜豫南地区的信阳五月鲜桃果园节水覆盖措施,以5年生桃树为试材,研究了覆膜、覆草覆膜、棚内覆草、棚内清耕4种地表管理措施对信阳五月鲜桃果园土壤含水量和树体光合特性的影响。结果表明:不同地表管理措施均能够显著减少地表水分蒸发,提高水分利用效率,避雨栽培和覆草处理可有效降低土壤温度;避雨栽培措施下信阳五月鲜桃叶片的光合速率日变化由露地的"双峰"曲线变为"单峰"曲线;棚内覆草能够有效提高信阳五月鲜桃叶片光合速率,减轻由遮光带来的群体光照强度降低,叶片光合速率下降的负面影响;棚内覆草措施下果实可溶性固形物含量明显下降。     

覆盖对设施栽培灵武长枣生长和果实品质的影响

为提升设施栽培灵武长枣的果实品质,促进其营养生长,以8年生设施栽培灵武长枣为材料,采用碎石、白色地膜、黑色地膜行内覆盖枣树树盘,测定不同覆盖处理下的植株枣吊、叶面积等营养生长指标和果实单果质量、可溶性糖含量、有机酸含量、VC含量等果实品质指标,并进行比较分析。结果表明,覆盖黑色地膜的枣吊长净增长量比对照增加了78.02%。白色地膜覆盖处理的叶绿素含量净增长量比对照提高了34.19%,叶面积净增长量比对照增加了23.68%。3种覆盖处理的果实单果质量均高于对照,其中碎石和黑色地膜覆盖单果质量增长较大,其单果质量与对照相比均增加了15.78%。覆盖碎石和黑地膜覆盖还可提高果实可溶性糖的含量。综上所述,覆盖处理有利于促进设施灵武长枣营养生长与果实营养品质,建议在生产中推广应用黑色地膜覆盖。     

A wind tunnel experiment to investigate the effect of polyvinyl acetate,biochar, and bentonite on wind erosion control

Due to the heavy costs of wind erosion control measures, the correct selection of technical methods is indispensable for a sustainable land management in arid and semiarid regions. Thus, the main goal of this research was to investigate the feasibility of using the clay minerals (i.e., bentonite), polyvinyl acetate and palm biochar for reducing the wind erosion in deserts surrounding the cities. The treatments were sprayed uniformly onto the containers (5 × 35 × 105 cm, 0.37 m²) with sand (collected from sand dunes surrounding Isfahan city, central Iran) in 3 replicates. The experiments were conducted in a wind tunnel with sequential repetitions after 1, 10, and 20 weeks. Among the studied treatments, the bentonite planters demonstrated to be the most effective soil erosion control measure by reducing soil loss and improving sand ablation. On the contrary, the palm biochar had less influence on the soil erosion control and only a slight effect on the threshold speed. For the future, further studies are required to select the best and most relevant soil erosion control measures under field conditions considering all the environmental aspects in arid regions of Iran.     

不同覆膜处理对沙质海岸油松根系影响的研究

为了选出适宜沙质海岸油松幼树营造的覆膜类型,文章以辽宁省绥中县沙质海岸油松造林地为研究对象,通过对覆盖韩国雨膜、黑色薄膜、白色薄膜3种不同覆膜调查油松的根长密度和根重密度进行比较,分析不同覆膜处理对油松根系生长的影响。结果表明:覆盖韩国雨膜幼树的总根重密度和根体积密度最大,并明显高于其他处理方式;覆盖韩国雨膜根长密度较小,根系粗壮发达,可以更好地发挥根系的强度和固土能力,防止地表冲刷,对于海防林的建设有很高的实用效益。因此,最适于沙质海岸防护林的覆膜方式为韩国雨膜。     

基于PCA优化—BP神经网络算法的农田土壤养分评价

为达到对膜下滴灌土壤养分综合评价的目的,采用描述性统计分析、主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)和Back Propagation(BP)神经网络方法对通辽市科左中旗农田土壤养分进行评价,结合单因子指数法,并与传统方法中运用最广的模糊数学综合评价结果进行对比分析。依据《全国第二次土壤养分分级标准》,经实测数据验证,结果表明:2015年和2016年科左中旗农田土壤养分综合评价良好;将PCA与BP神经网络相结合的方法运用到解决土壤学问题中,可获得客观的结果;经检验PCA与BP神经网络模型相结合的评价方法适用于因子多且复杂、精度要求高的样本。将PCA与BP神经网络相结合既可以解决信息过多、分析困难的问题,又可以降低模糊性、减少精度下降,将各自优点有效的联系在一起,相较传统方法可以更加科学合理、准确有效地对土壤养分进行综合评价。     

Growth,population dynamics,and diversity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium equiseti</Emphasis> in ginseng fields

Fusarium equiseti is prevalent in ginseng soil, straw mulch and in ginseng root tissues and is the cause of a root surface discolouration on ginseng grown in British Columbia. Population levels of the fungus in ginseng fields ranged from 3.8 × 10³ cfu g⁻¹ soil to 1.4 × 10⁴ cfu g⁻¹ soil and were highest at 0–5 cm soil depths compared to 10–15 cm. Soil population levels were negatively correlated with S content in soil and positively correlated with Zn levels. Barley or wheat straw added to soil significantly increased population levels under laboratory conditions. Mycelial growth in culture was highest at 26–30°C and at pH 7.2–7.8. Samples of flowers and berries, and harvested seed, contained DNA of F. equiseti detected using a Fusarium-specific DNA array and the fungus was isolated from these tissues on agar medium. A high degree of genetic variation in the EF-1 alpha gene sequence was present among 52 isolates of F. equiseti which originated from ginseng fields. At least seven clades were identified. Inoculum dispersal from straw mulch used in ginseng gardens can result in seed contamination by the fungus. In addition, fungal growth near the soil surface under warm summer conditions can result in infection and crown discolouration of ginseng roots.     

棉花生育时期SPAD值准确性与样本数的关系

 【目的】研究高产滴灌棉花观测样本数对SPAD诊断棉花氮素营养准确性的影响,为SPAD法指导棉花施肥提供理论依据。【方法】采用田间膜下滴灌方式,在390 kg•hm-2施氮量下,设计5个氮肥运筹方案,监测棉花全生育期5个氮肥运筹方案下随机观测的60个SPAD值样本数,测定产量后分析高产施氮水平下不同样本数与标准偏差的变化关系。【结果】高产棉花各生育时期SPAD值的变异系数和标准偏差差异不大,但是存有明显不同;棉花蕾期、初花期、盛花期、花铃期、盛铃期、吐絮初期的SPAD值样本数（y）与标准偏差（x）的乘幂函数关系分别为：y=5632.2x-4.893（R2=0.7968）,y=26456x-6.0437（R2=0.8732）,y=50184x-6.5227（R2=0.9782）,y=174890x-7.2601（R2=0.9655）,y=27410x-5.743（R2=0.9182）,y=16237x-5.3756（R2=0.942）,并可通过y=ax-b（a,b均为参数）模型来预测SPAD值的变异程度及各生育时期诊断样本数量的多少;不同样本数下SPAD值和叶片含氮量线性相关性的高低排列顺序为：60个样本＞30个样本＞5个样本。【结论】用SPAD叶绿素仪诊断棉花各个生育时期氮素营养,测定样本数为26—60时样本数越大,SPAD均值准确性越高,SPAD均值与叶片含氮量的相关性就越好,SPAD值测定样本数与标准偏差呈乘幂函数关系。