海南哈密瓜简易设施栽培覆盖模式研究初报

利用海南冬春季节的热带气候资源，采用设施园艺栽培技术能够反季节生产原产新疆的哈密瓜。该文采用不同覆盖模式的简易竹木结构设施大棚，种植反季节哈密瓜的试验研究初步结果。     

作物残茬对农田土壤风蚀的影响

通过对不同留茬高度对地表风速的影响以及留残茬(保护性耕作主要方式)、旋耕和常规翻耕3种耕作方式对土壤风蚀的影响进行比较研究,得出如下结果:留茬高度对地表风速的影响程度不明显,仅与地面有无留茬有关,留茬20cm左右即可有效降低地表风速,减少田间扬沙,抵抗土壤风蚀,是比较适宜的留茬高度;留茬(保护性耕作)、旋耕和常规翻耕3种耕作方式对田间扬沙情况的影响差异明显,其中在60cm高度以内,留茬比常规翻耕减少田间扬沙量34.9%,比旋耕方式减少61.5%,因此,留茬(保护性耕作)是一种有效防止农田土壤风蚀的耕作方式。     

旱地秸秆覆盖条件下作物减产的原因及作用机制分析

结合多年的田间试验研究，对中国旱地秸秆覆盖的方法、效果、减产现象及其原因进行了总结和分析，结果表明：虽然绝大多数资料显示秸秆覆盖能明显改善土壤水分状况、提高作物产量，但覆盖条件下作物不增产甚至减产的现象不容忽视，其原因可能与覆盖导致土壤水分、温度和供肥状况等因素的变化有关，作用机理尚需深入探讨，并提出了进一步研究的思路。     

调亏对膜上灌春小麦生长特性及产量效应的研究

借助于国家高科技农业“863”课题,以春小麦为供试作物,2004年和2005年在甘肃省张掖市甘州区进行了膜上灌春小麦调亏灌大田试验研究,研究了地膜覆盖(设丰水F(FM)、轻度L(FM)和中度M(FM))、露地(设丰水F(B)和中度M(B))。结果表明,与露地相比,覆膜处理春小麦出苗时间提前7~9 d;最大叶面积指数较露地提高12.34%~40.11%,增温1.5~1.7℃;同一水分处理下覆膜丰水处理F(FM)比露地丰水处理F(B)增产54.22%,WUE提高了4.67 kg/(mm.hm2);覆膜中度处理M(FM)比露地中度处理M(B)增产70.46%,WUE提高了4.91 kg/(mm.hm2)。最高产量所需的土壤适宜水分下限为50%~60%,较露地下降10%~15%。将亏缺灌溉与地膜覆盖两种措施相结合,旨在探讨其对产量形成过程的影响和相互作用,结果表明同一水分处理下覆膜小麦不仅具有较高的生物产量,而且茎、叶、穗等器官营养物质的输出率、分配率、转换率均高于露地小麦,相同水分条件下覆膜处理具有明显的增温、保墒增产作用。     

Food selection and internal processing in Archegozetes longisetosus (Acari: Oribatida)

The nutritional biology of the oribatid mite Archegozetes longisetosus Aoki was examined using a control (starvation) and four types of food: Protococcus sp. algae from tree bark, two fungi—Stachybothrys sp. and Alternaria sp.—and filter paper. Direct observations, histology, enzymology and plating techniques were employed to record contact with food, contents and structure of the alimentary tract, presence and viability of bacterial microorganisms inside the mite body, and chitinase and cellulase activity of mite homogenates. Algae were highly palatable, resulting in high apocrine secretion and guts that were continuously full. Initially there was no evidence of chitinase or cellulase production. Chitinase activity started after 10 days, probably due to consumption of fungi that invaded the algal cover, and correlated with the presence of chitinolytic bacteria (Serratia rubidea) in the mite homogenate. Alternaria was grazed intensively, but cell walls of spores and hyphae remained intact and no chitinase was detected suggesting that only cell contents were enzymatically digested. Stachybothrys sp. was rejected as food. The bacterium Alcaligenes faecalis was dominant in homogenates in each of the treatments, but under starvation Achromobacter xylosoxidans became co-dominant. Cellulase activity was not detected in any treatment, but strong chitinase activity was induced with a filter paper (colonized by invasive fungi) diet. Furthermore, bacteria were common in mesenchyme between the internal organs in the filter paper and starvation treatments.     

Soil properties associated with organic matter-mediated suppression of bean root rot in field soil amended with fresh and composted paper mill residuals

The ability of an organic amendment to suppress soil-borne disease is mediated by the complex interactions between biotic and abiotic soil factors. Various microbiological and physicochemical soil properties were measured in field soils with histories of receiving 4 or 5 years of spring additions of paper mill residuals (PMR), PMR composted alone (PMRC), PMR composted with bark (PMRB), or no amendment under a conventionally managed vegetable crop rotation. The objectives of this study were to (i) determine the residual and re-amendment effects of the organic materials on root rot disease severity; (ii) determine the influence of amendment type on the structure of bacterial communities associated with snap bean roots grown in these soils; and (iii) quantify the relative contributions of microbiological and physicochemical properties to root rot suppression in the field and greenhouse. While all amendment types significantly suppressed root rot disease compared to non-amended soils in both environments, only soils amended with PMR or PMRB sustained suppressive conditions 1 year after the most recent amendment event. Disease severity was inversely related to microbial activity (fluorescein diacetate assay) in recently amended soils only. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of the 16s rRNA gene was performed to obtain bacterial profiles. Principal component analysis (PCA) of terminal restriction fragments (TRFs) revealed general differences in bacterial community composition (PC1) among amendment types, and specific TRFs contributed to these differences. Correlation and multiple regression analyses of the measured soil variables revealed that the composition of root-associated bacterial communities and the amount of particulate organic matter—carbon in bulk soils imparted independent and relatively equal contributions to the variation in disease severity documented in the field and greenhouse. Together, our findings provide evidence that disease suppression induced by annual PMR inputs was mediated by their differential effects on bacterial communities and the amount and quality of organic matter in these soils.     

秸秆覆盖条件下夏玉米田蒸散、水分利用效率和作物系数研究

Maize （Zea mays L.）, a staple crop grown from June to September during the rainy season on the North China Plain, is usually inter-planted in winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） fields about one week before harvesting of the winter wheat. In order to improve irrigation efficiency in this region of serious water shortage, field studies in 1999 and 2001, two dry seasons with less than average seasonal rainfall, were conducted with up to five irrigation applications to determine evapotranspiration, calculate the crop coefficient, and optimize the irrigation schedule with maize under mulch, as well as to establish the effects of irrigation timing and the number of applications on grain yield and water use efficiency （WUE） of maize. Results showed that with grain production at about 8 000 kg ha^-1 the total evapotranspiration and WUE of irrigated maize under mulch were about 380-400 mm and 2.0-2.2 kg m^-3, respectively. Also in 2001 WUE of maize with mulch for the treatment with three irrigations was 11.8% better than that without mulch. In the 1999 and 2001 seasons, maize yield significantly improved （P = 0.05） with four irrigation applications, however, further increases were not significant. At the same time there were no significant differences for WUE with two to four irrigation applications. In the 2001 season mulch lead to a decrease of 50 mm in the total soil evaporation, and the maize crop coefficient under mulch varied between 0.3-1.3 with a seasonal average of 1.0.     

浮膜覆盖对地温、气温及蔬菜生长发育的影响

浮膜覆盖是近几年发展起来的一种新型覆盖栽培技术。该研究通过对浮膜覆盖区、薄膜覆盖区以及无覆盖对照区地温、气温的多点连续测量,利用调和解析的方法,分析了浮膜覆盖空间的温度变化特征以及和其它覆盖区的区别,并调查了浮膜覆盖对油菜生长发育的影响。研究结果表明,在北京春季晴天微风的情况下,浮膜覆盖区的白天(6:00～18:00)平均气温比无覆盖区高约7℃,晚间平均气温比无覆盖区高约3℃;从地表面到深度30cm的全天平均地温,浮膜覆盖区比无覆盖区高约2℃。根据调和解析的结果,深度10cm处的地温最大值出现的时间,浮膜覆盖区比无覆盖区晚约30min,薄膜拱棚区比无覆盖区则晚约90min。同样根据调和解析的结果,各区的地温不易层深度有明显差别,薄膜拱棚区为37.2cm,浮膜拱棚区和浮膜直接覆盖区的不易层深度分别为47.2cm和44.1cm,无覆盖区为50.6cm。     

浅松覆盖条件下二维根系吸水率模型

运用土壤水动力学方程反求根系吸水率,分析玉米拔节期梯形剖面取根资料,建立有效根密度分布函数,结合土壤剖面水分分布,建立适合浅松覆盖条件下的二维根系吸水率模型,并应用田间实测数据进行验证。结果表明,模拟值与实测值平均相对误差3.75%～7.11%,满足土壤水分动态模拟精度要求。     

设施菜地土壤酞酸酯污染的初步研究

通过对杭州周边某设施蔬菜大棚基地的土壤采集分析和农田残留农膜的提取分析,结果表明该地区土壤存在一定程度的酞酸酯污染,污染程度与国内大部分农田土壤相当。农膜中酞酸酯含量和农膜类型对土壤酞酸酯含量均有一定影响。农膜中酞酸酯含量和土壤中酞酸酯含量显著正相关,长期农膜覆盖与黑色农膜覆盖土壤的酞酸酯含量相对较高,因此减少农膜在土壤中的残留是减少土壤酞酸酯污染的有效途径之一。大棚覆盖或地膜覆盖等不同农膜覆盖方式对土壤酞酸酯含量在本研究中未发现显著差异。土壤酞酸酯含量与土壤有机质极显著正相关,表明土壤有机质对酞酸酯,尤其是高分子量酞酸酯污染单体的环境行为有重要的影响。