南疆棉花转产区土壤和农产品中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)污染分析和评价

为评估棉花转产地区农产品中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)风险,在新疆传统棉花种植区域(阿克苏市、沙雅县、新和县和库车县),采集94对农产品-土壤样品,40个农田地膜残留样品,进行17种PAEs含量水平分析和来源解析。结果表明,阿克苏地区土壤样品中17种PAEs累积含量范围为0～1 622μg·kg~(-1),平均含量180.2μg·kg~(-1),检出率95.7%,阿克苏地区农产品样品中17种PAEs累积含量范围为0～2430.1μg·kg~(-1),平均含量190.6μg·kg~(-1),检出率93.6%。阿克苏地区残膜量0.1～42.1 kg·hm~(-2),残膜膜厚5.6～6.85μm,破碎度6.4～30.3 mg·块~(-1)。相关性分析结果表明新疆阿克苏地区农产品ΣPAEs与土壤ΣPAEs呈正相关(R=0.529,P0.01),土壤、蔬果中的ΣPAEs和棉花种植时间上未发现相关性(P0.05),土壤ΣPAEs和农膜残留量呈正相关(R=0.767,P=0.044),和破碎度(R=0.778,P0.01)及农膜厚度(R=0.786,P=0.021)呈负相关,提示南疆棉花转产区PAEs污染关键控制点是降低农田残膜量。     

稻田马铃薯连续免耕栽培对土壤理化性状的影响

为大面积推广应用稻田马铃薯免耕覆盖栽培技术支撑提供理论依据,对马铃薯免耕覆盖栽培的稻田土壤理化性状进行了连续定点测定,结果表明:稻田马铃薯免耕覆盖栽培较常规翻耕稻田表层(0～15cm)土壤的孔隙度,微团粒含量,有机质和速效N.P.K含量高,容重却略低;并随着持续免耕有改善表层土壤结构和肥力的趋势;但免耕对深层土壤(15～30cm)的理化性质影响较小.     

不同供氮水平对膜下滴灌春玉米干物质及养分累积的影响

[目的]研究滴灌春玉米养分吸收规律,为科学制定施肥制度提供理论依据.[方法]通过田间试验,研究膜下滴灌条件下氮肥(0、210、300、390 kg/hm2,记为N0、N210、N300、N390)对春玉米地上部和根系干物质及氮磷钾累积的影响.[结果]在成熟期N210、N300、N390处理较N0地上部干物质累积量分别提高了22.70;、41.08;、32.08;.地上部氮磷钾吸收高峰期分别出现在出苗后28 ～ 85、85 ～ 108、28～43 d.随着施氮量增加,产量和地上部、根系干物质及氮素累积增加,但过高施氮量(390 kg/hm2)导致干物质和产量降低,而地上部磷钾积累量一直呈现增加趋势.根系氮磷钾累积随着施氮量增加呈先增加后降低趋势.在吐丝期,N210、N300根系氮素累积量较大喇叭口期分别增加了145.1;和217.4;,而N390处理氮素积累量与N210接近,磷素累积与N0接近,钾素累积量小于大喇叭口期.[结论]膜下滴灌条件下,施用氮肥春玉米地上部和根系干物质积累量和养分累积量均增加,但过量施氮抑制地上部、地下部生长及氮素积累,且不利于对磷钾养分吸收,尤其在吐丝期,过量施氮对根系磷钾的累积表现出明显的抑制作用.     

红壤旱地施用保水剂和稻草覆盖对花生生长和产量的效应

在江西丘陵红壤坡地上进行的试验结果表明:施用保水剂和稻草覆盖均可促进花生的生长发育,明显提高花生的产量,但对花生的出苗率影响不大.施用保水剂、覆盖稻草以及两者叠加处理分别比空白对照增加花生产量26.6%、7.69%和29.1%,其中以单施保水剂处理的经济效益最佳,比对照增加纯收入6330.60元/hm2.     

河西灌区覆草滴灌对酿造葡萄土壤水分运移及温度的影响

针对甘肃省河西灌区大面积栽培酿酒葡萄而水资源短缺的现状,试验采用烘干法结合GCM2010S太阳能数据采集系统,研究了地面覆草滴灌、覆膜滴灌等节水措施对干旱荒漠地区酿酒葡萄园土壤水分和土壤温度的影响.结果表明:覆盖滴灌措施明显减少了土壤水分蒸发,提高了土壤蓄水保墒作用;覆盖滴灌措施减弱了土壤的升温幅度,剧烈降温时,覆草滴...     

从学位论文的引文分析看水产养殖硕士的文献需求

以大连海洋大学水产养殖专业2001--2009年120篇硕士学位论文作为统计源,对学位论文引文的数量、语种、类型年代及该专业的文献半衰期进行了统计分析,探讨水产养殖专业硕士学位论文引文的规律,并对有关影响因素进行了初步探讨,对引文量最大的外文期刊进行排序并考察其在本校的收藏情况．从而掌握本校的期刊保障率．为馆藏期刊资源建设提供了参考依据。     

不同土壤肥力条件下麦秆还田与氮肥运筹对杂交稻氮素利用、产量及米质的影响

以杂交稻F优498为材料,研究了高、低土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖与氮肥运筹对杂交稻主要生育期氮素吸收利用特征、产量及米质的影响,并探讨了不同土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖和氮肥运筹对结实期剑叶SPAD值与稻米品质的形成的影响。结果表明,不同土壤肥力下,麦秆覆盖均有效促进杂交稻各生育时期氮素积累,提高了氮素利用效率以及稻谷产量,增加了稻米蛋白质含量、稻米胶稠度,显著降低了稻米垩白度以及垩白粒率,且高土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖优于低土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖处理。同时,不同土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖处理,均以m基肥∶m蘖肥∶m穗肥为3∶3∶4的氮肥运筹模式最优,均能有效调节水稻灌浆结实期叶片SPAD值,提高水稻氮素吸收利用效率及稻谷产量;但稻米品质方面,高土壤肥力以m基肥∶m蘖肥∶m穗肥为5∶3∶2时最佳;而低土壤肥力可适当提高氮肥后移比例,以m基肥∶m蘖肥∶m穗肥=3∶3∶4最佳。相关分析表明,水稻灌浆期剑叶SPAD值与稻米出糙率、整精米率以及蛋白质含量显著或极显著正相关(r=0.47*~0.90**);与垩百度、垩白粒率负相关,但相关未达显著水平;而高土壤肥力下稻米品质各项指标分别与齐穗后19~27d剑叶SPAD值,低土壤肥力下麦秆覆盖与齐穗后13~19d剑叶SPAD值相关系数最大。     

膜下滴灌条件下绿洲棉田土壤水分运动数值模拟

应用非饱和土壤水运动理论,建立膜下滴灌条件下土壤水分运动二维数值模拟模型,研究了田间层状土壤在膜下滴灌条件下土壤水分运动特征.应用不同小区不同灌水处理的实测值与模拟值进行对比,同时对模型做了精度分析,结果表明符合精度要求,这说明所建立的模型能客观地反映实际土壤条件下的水分运动情况.研究结果表明:土壤剖面30～40 cm粘土层使土壤水分运动具有很大的差异,0～30 cm变化明显,而40 cm以下土壤水分运动的变化较小. 膜下滴灌应该采取灌水量小,频度大的灌溉模式.     

Integrated rice management simultaneously improves rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in various paddy fields

The hilly area of Southwest China is a typical rice production area which is limited by seasonal droughts and low temperature in the early rice growth period. A field experiment was conducted on three typical paddy fields (low-lying paddy field, medium-elevation paddy field, and upland paddy field) in this region. Nitrogen (N) treatment (180 kg N ha^-1 year^-1) was compared to a control treatment (0 kg N ha^-1 year^-1) to evaluate the effects of integrated rice management (IRM) on rice growth, grain yield, and N utilization. Integrated rice management integrated raised beds containing plastic mulch, furrow irrigation, and triangular transplanting. In comparison to traditional rice management (TRM), IRM promoted rice tiller development, with 7-13 more tillers per cluster at the maximum tillering stage and 1-6 more tillers per cluster at the end of tillering stage. Integrated rice management significantly increased the rice aboveground biomass by 34.4%-109.0% in different growth periods and the aboveground N uptake by 25.3%-159.0%. Number of productive tillers significantly increased by 33.0%, resulting in a 33.0% increase in grain yield and 8.0% improvement of N use efficiency (NUE). Grain yields were significantly increased in all three paddy fields assessed, with IRM being the most important factor for grain yield and productive tiller development. Effects of paddy field type and N level on N uptake by aboveground plants were reflected in the rice reproductive growth period, with the effects of IRM more striking due to the dry climate conditions. In conclusion, IRM simultaneously improved rice yield and NUE, presenting a valuable rice management technique in the paddy fields assessed.     

Boron toxicity of strawberry

Abstract

Radlands Crimson strawberries were grown in a glasshouse with 7 rates of applied boron. Wood shavings mulches with different boron concentrations were also applied as separate treatments. Boron toxicity symptoms were produced in leaves by boron rates of 0.32 kg ha^‐1 and greater on a soil containing 1.6 ug B g^‐1 of hot water extractable boron. Concentrations greater than 123 μg B g^‐1 in old leaves were associated with boron toxicity symptoms.

In the B rate experiment, soil boron concentrations greater than 1.9 μg B g^‐1 soil were associated with leaf toxicity symptoms which increased in severity with increasing soil boron concentrations up to 4.1 μg B g^‐1 soil. Wood shavings mulch containing 17 μg B g^‐1 caused boron toxicity symptoms in older leaves whereas mulches containing less than 6 μg B g^‐1 did not produce toxicity symptoms.