Greenhouse gas implications of water reuse in the Upper Pumpanga River Integrated Irrigation System, Philippines

Enhancing water productivity is often recommended as a “soft option” in addressing the problem of increasing water scarcity. However, improving water productivity, particularly through water reuse, incurs additional investment and may result in increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this study, we analysed the water productivity and GHG implications of water reuse through pumping groundwater and creek water, and compare this with gravity-fed canal irrigation in the Upper Pampanga River Integrated Irrigation System (UPRIIS) in the Philippines.Water productivity indicators show that water reuse contributes significantly to water productivity. For example, water productivity with respect to gross inflow (WP_gross) with water reuse (0.19 kg grain/m³) is 21% higher than without water reuse (0.15 kg grain/m³). However, there is a tradeoff between increasing water productivity and water reuse as water reuse increases GHG emissions. The estimated GHG emission from water reuse (pumping irrigation) is 1.47 times higher than without water reuse (gravity-fed canal irrigation). Given increasing concerns about climate change and the need to reduce carbon emissions, we recommend that a higher priority be given to water reuse only in areas where water scarcity is a serious issue.     

Yield, water and nitrogen-use response of rice to zeolite and nitrogen fertilization in a semi-arid environment

Water scarcity and soil nitrogen (N) loss are important limitations for agricultural production in semi-arid region especially for rice production. Zeolite (Z) as a soil conditioner can be used to retrain water and nitrogen in near-surface soil layer in lowland rice production system. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of different application rates of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) and nitrogen on rice yield, yield components, soil nitrogen, water use, water productivity in a silty clay soil in 2004 and 2005. Zeolite was only applied in the first year. In order to study the long-term and continuous effect of zeolite on the objectives of the study, no zeolite was applied in the second year and the study was conducted on the same land as the first year. Zeolite and N were applied at rates of 0, 2, 4, and 8 t ha⁻¹ and 0, 20, 40, and 80 kg ha⁻¹, respectively in 2004. In 2005, each plot received the same amount of N as received in 2004. It is concluded that by decreasing N application rates, higher Z application rate is needed to improve grain yield. Highest grain yield was obtained at N application rate of 80 kg ha⁻¹ and Z application rate of 4 t ha⁻¹. Higher grain yield was mostly attributed to lower unfilled grain percentage and higher 1000-grain weight that were a result of higher N application rate and N retention in soil due to Z application. Nitrogen and Z applications resulted in higher grain protein contents and nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE). Based on these results and due to higher N retention in soil under Z application, improved grain yield quality, nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE), and nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE) could be obtained at Z application rate of 8 t ha⁻¹ and N application rate of 80 kg ha⁻¹ or more. However, this was not satisfied for NUE. Moreover, it is found that at higher N application rates lower Z application rates are needed to effectively retain soil residual mineral nitrogen. Furthermore, at N application rates of 80 kg ha⁻¹ or more, Z application increased soil water retention and resulted in lower seasonal water use and higher water productivity. In general, it was concluded that the effect of Z application in retaining soil N was also effective in the second year.     

广德县机插秧技术试验与推广应用探讨

对近年来广德县推广机插秧成效进行总结,结合当地社会经济及农业生产实际,分析了推广机插秧的有利条件和制约因素,提出了加快推广应用的建议。     

水稻育秧播种机钵体苗底土压实装置

设计了一种能实现水稻精密育秧播种机钵体软、硬秧盘穴孔底土压实的通用装置,该装置以AT89C51单片机为控制系统核心,采用步进电动机和送盘行程开关实现秧盘供送,以及限位行程开关和对准接近开关实现秧盘穴孔与压实辊指对准,压实辊指与秧盘穴孔内底土相互作用完成底土压实。通过系统的试验研究,确定了该装置的最佳工作参数。压实试验表明,该系统能满足秧盘穴孔底土压实的工作要求,实现了穴孔与压实辊指的精确对准和底土压实,当生产率在500盘/h、提前角对应弧长为1 mm时,对准率为98%,满足钵体苗穴孔底土压实的技术要求;育秧试验表明,增加穴孔底土压实深度,可提高秧苗素质,保持土壤根系坚实不散,有利于栽插作业,压实深度为6 mm时效果最佳。     

久保田插秧机的GPS导航控制系统设计

将计算机技术、传感器技术、GPS技术和数据通讯技术等集成和融合,在久保田插秧机上开发了基于DGPS和电子罗盘的导航控制系统.论述了导航控制系统的结构和工作原理,提出了一种利用航向跟踪实现路径跟踪的控制方法.仿真和试验结果表明,该控制方法简单有效,导航控制系统可以控制插秧机按预定的路线行走.速度为0.75 m/s,直线路径跟踪时,平均误差0.04 m,最大误差0.13 m;速度为0.33 m/s,圆曲线路径跟踪时,平均误差0.04 m,最大误差0.087 m.     

水稻钵苗振动排序正位装置的分析与试验

根据有序抛秧机的分秧要求,提出了一种水稻钵苗振动排序正位装置,把从秧盘上取下的无序钵苗整理成土钵在前的有序排列。对钵苗在振动排序正位装置上的受力情况、钵苗的重心位置进行了分析,发现钵苗的重心在土钵内或在靠近土钵上表面的秧株内,为钵苗在惯性力作用下自动正位提供了保证。通过对单棵和群体钵苗的试验与高速摄影观察与分析,证明钵苗能够在惯性力作用下,在振动排序正位装置上自动正位,钵苗自动正位是可行的。     

湖南省水稻种植环节的机械化选择

目前湖南水稻生产机械化的发展势头喜人,但其种植环节的机械化发展较慢,水平还很低,成为水稻生产机械化最突出、最薄弱的环节,是提高水稻综合生产能力的重点和难点,也是各级农机管理、推广部门一直以来不断研究、探索、寻求解决的重要课题.为此,概述了湖南省水稻种植机械化发展历史,分析了当前抛秧、直播、插秧三种方式的利弊,因此区域水稻生产的特点,决定其在今后一段时间内,不论是哪种种植方式都不可能完全淘汰,想用其中任何一种方式包打天下,都是不现实的.但因水稻机械化插秧技术具有省工节本,减轻劳动强度;增产、增效;避病避虫;高产稳产的优势,从长远发展来看,机械化插秧代替人工将势在必行.     

Integrated effect of transplanting date, cultivar and irrigation on yield, water saving and water productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Indian Punjab: Field and simulation study

Individual effect of different field scale management interventions for water saving in rice viz. changing date of transplanting, cultivar and irrigation schedule on yield, water saving and water productivity is well documented in the literature. However, little is known about their integrated effect. To study that, field experimentation and modeling approach was used. Field experiments were conducted for 2 years (2006 and 2007) at Punjab Agricultural University Farm, Ludhiana on a deep alluvial loamy sand Typic Ustipsamment soils developed under hyper-thermic regime. Treatments included three dates of transplanting (25 May, 10 June and 25 June), two cultivars (PR 118 inbred and RH 257 hybrid) and two irrigation schedules (2-days drainage period and at soil water suction of 16 kPa). The model used was CropSyst, which has already been calibrated for growth (periodic biomass and LAI) of rice and soil water content in two independent experiments. The main findings of the field and simulation studies conducted are compared to any individual, integrated management of transplanting date, cultivar and irrigation, sustained yield (6.3-7.5 t ha⁻¹) and saved substantial amount of water in rice. For example, with two management interventions, i.e. shifting of transplanting date to lower evaporative demand (from 5 May to 25 June) concomitant with growing of short duration hybrid variety (90 days from transplanting to harvest), the total real water saving (wet saving) through reduction in evapotranspiration (ET) was 140 mm, which was almost double than managing the single, i.e. 66 mm by shifting transplanting or 71 mm by growing short duration hybrid variety. Shifting the transplanting date saved water through reduction in soil water evaporation component while growing of short duration variety through reduction in both evaporation and transpiration components of water balance. Managing irrigation water schedule based on soil water suction of 16 kPa at 15-20 cm soil depth, compared to 2-day drainage, did not save water in real (wet saving), however, it resulted into apparent water saving (dry saving). The real crop water productivity (marketable yield/ET) was more by 17% in 25th June transplanted rice than 25th May, 23% in short duration variety than long and 2% in irrigation treatment of 16 kPa soil water suction than 2-days drainage. The corresponding values for the apparent crop water productivity (marketable yield/irrigation water applied) were 16, 20 and 50%, respectively. Pooled experimental data of 2 years showed that with managing irrigation scheduling based on soil water suction of 16 kPa at 15-20 cm soil depth, though 700 mm irrigation water was saved but the associated yield was reduced by 277 kg ha⁻¹.     

高酸值米糠油酶法酯化脱酸研究

对脂肪酶Novozym 435催化高酸值米糠油酯化脱酸进行了研究.利用响应面分析法(RSM)优化脱酸条件.根据Box-Benhnken中心组合试验设计原理对试验条件进行优化,在分析各因素显著性及其交互作用的基础上,得出米糠油酯化脱酸最佳工艺参数为:酶质量分数1.1％、甘油添加量0.42 mg、温度56.4℃、反应时间23.2 h.实际测得脱酸后米糠油酸值(KOH)由56 mg/g降为5.04 mg/g,游离脂肪酸酯化率达到91％,与模型预测值基本相符.     

稻壳气力给料装置试验研究

为可靠输送稻壳,提出了一种可用于小型稻壳气化或燃烧装置的非机械阀气力给料方案。通过试验考察了给料系统的输送能力、调节范围及输送效率等方面的性能,结果表明,该方案低负荷调节特性好,给料量调节范围宽,输送效率高,气固比小,与机械式给料方案相比,结构简单,成本低,运行可靠,有较好的推广、应用前景。