Development and application of a model for robust, cost-effective investment in natural capital and ecosystem services

Identifying good investments in environmental management is complex as several prioritization strategies may be used and significant uncertainty often surrounds cost, benefits, and agency budgets. In this paper I developed a model for robust portfolio selection based on preference programming to support cost-effective environmental investment decisions under uncertainty and applied it to the South Australian Murray-Darling Basin. Benefits and costs of 46 investment alternatives (called targets) for managing natural capital and ecosystem services were quantified and the associated uncertainty estimated. Thirty-six investment portfolios were selected using mathematical programming under four investment prioritization strategies (cost-effectiveness (E-max), cost-effectiveness including a suite of pre-committed (or core) costs (E-max^∗), cost-only (C-rank), and benefit-only (B-rank)), three decision rules (pessimistic, most likely, and optimistic), and three budget scenarios (minimum, most likely, maximum). Compared to the optimally performing investment strategy E-max, the E-max^∗ and C-rank strategies only slightly reduced portfolio performance and altered portfolio composition. However, the B-rank strategy reduced performance by half and radically changed composition. Uncertainty in costs, benefits, and available budgets also strongly influenced portfolio performance and composition. I conclude that in this case study the consideration of uncertainty was at least as important as investment strategy in effective environmental decision-making. Targets whose selection was less sensitive to uncertainty were identified as more robust investments. The results have informed the allocation of AU$69 million in the study area and the techniques are readily adaptable to similar conservation and environmental investment decisions in other areas at a variety of scales.     

塔式立管气液两相流的压力波动特性试验研究

为了研究深水油气田塔式立管系统气液两相流压力波动特性,通过室内试验分析了不同流型下的压力变化特征、压力波动幅值等。室内试验得到了6种流型,每种流型对应特定的压力波动形式,且最大波动幅度出现在严重段塞流向稳定流转变过程中的过渡流型Ⅱ上。通过分析立管底部的最大、最小压力,得出如下规律:压力波动幅值随折算气速的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,且流型的转变对气速的敏感性高于液速。通过概率密度函数(Probability Density Function,PDF)和累计分布函数(Cumulative Distribution Function,CDF)的统计学分析,得出系统压力的PDF和CDF曲线在各种流型下的分布形态:下倾管底部压力PDF曲线在严重段塞流下高压区单峰特征显著;过渡流型下左右两峰相当,呈两端高、中间低的形态;稳定流型下峰值数量增加、压力范围集中;CDF曲线在高压区的拐点与PDF曲线的峰值对应。跨接管底部压力PDF曲线峰值均处于低压区,且中间高、两端低。在严重段塞流下,曲线呈现双峰和三峰分布,稳定流表现为单峰对称分布。结合压力PDF和CDF曲线可辅助分析和判别流型,并直观获得塔式立管系统压力概率分布特征,以此作为其疲劳损坏和安全评估的参考依据。     

数字图书馆高可用性的新视角

海量信息的有效组织与存储是数字图书馆的关键,对目前国内外可行的资源存储格式及存储架构进行比较与分析,探讨高可用性数字图书馆的一种可行的技术方案.     

基于二维条形码PDF417的图像编解码研究

对二维条形码PDF417的符号表示及压缩模式结构做了简要介绍。在图像信息编码预处理时,以一幅人的头肩像为例,采用自适应建立哈夫曼树,使编码图像容量变至最低,并按照PDF417规定的格式,实现了编码。利用DSP对PDF417条形码进行图像识别,采用相应的算法实现解码,并在PC端显示。     

PDF文档加密在图书馆版权保护中的实践

版权保护是数字图书馆建设中的重要问题,通过论述PDF格式的特点和加密方式,以学位论文特色数据库建设为例,介绍了利用PDF文档加密在图书馆版权保护中的实践和应用.     

iTextSharp在新能源Web系统中的PDF报表应用

iTextSharp是一种使用c#语言编写的面向．NET平台,应用广泛、技术成熟的PDF开发类库。作为一种底层开发库,它的出现增加了PDF生成方式选择的灵活性。本研究在查阅相关文献、开发文档的基础上,用文字混合代码的方式描述了iTextSharp在新能源Web系统中PDF报表中的应用,对表格嵌套、页眉页码、图片插入作了详细分析,并对高级应用水印、加密做了简单探讨,说明iTextSharp在PDF报表开发中的应用价值。