Agronomic evaluation of mulching and iron nutrition on productivity,nutrient uptake,iron use efficiency and economics of aerobic rice-wheat cropping system

Field experiments were carried out during rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons (June–April) of 2008–2010 at Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, to study the productivity, nutrients uptake, iron (Fe) use-efficiency and economics of aerobic rice-wheat cropping system as influenced by mulching and Fe nutrition. The highest yield attributes, grain and straw yields (5.41 tonnes ha^?1 and 6.56 tonnes ha^?1, respectively) and nutrient uptake in rice was recorded with transplanted and puddled rice (TPR) followed by aerobic rice with Sesbania aculeata mulch. However, residual effect of aerobic rice with wheat straw mulch was more pronounced on yield attributes, grain and straw yields (4.20 and 6.70 tonnes ha^?1, respectively) and nutrient uptake in succeeding wheat and remained at par with aerobic rice with Sesbania mulch. Application of iron sulfate (FeSO₄) at 50 kg ha^?1 + 2 foliar sprays of 2% FeSO₄ was found to be the best in terms of all the yield attributes, grain and straw yield (5.09 and 6.17 tonnes ha^?1, respectively) and nutrient uptake and remained at par with 3 foliar sprays of 2% FeSO₄. Although residual effect of iron application failed to increase the yield attributes, yield and nutrient uptake nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N, P, K) except Fe. The highest system productivity, nutrient uptake, gross returns, net returns, B: C ratio and lowest cost of cultivation were recorded with aerobic rice with wheat straw and Sesbania aculeata mulch. Application of FeSO₄ at 50 kg ha^?1 + two foliar sprays of 2% FeSO₄ was found better in respect of system productivity, nutrient uptake, gross returns, net returns, B:C ratio and cost of cultivation in aerobic rice-wheat cropping system. The Fe use efficiency values viz. partial factor productivity (kg grain kg^?1 Fe), agronomic efficiency (kg grain increased kg^?1 Fe applied), agrophysiological efficiency (kg grain kg^?1 Fe uptake), physiological efficiency (kg biomass kg^?1 Fe uptake), apparent recovery (%) utilization efficiency and harvest index (%) of applied Fe were significantly affected due to methods of rice production and various Fe nutrition treatments in aerobic rice and aerobic rice-wheat cropping system.     

Bacterial inoculants for rice: effects on nutrient uptake and growth promotion

Beneficial soil bacteria are able to colonize plant root systems promoting plant growth and increasing crop yield and nutrient uptake through a variety of mechanisms. These bacteria can be an alternative to chemical fertilizers without productivity loss. The objectives of this study were to test bacterial inoculants for their ability to promote nutrient uptake and/or plant growth of rice plants subjected to different rates of chemical fertilizer, and to determine whether inoculants could be an alternative to nitrogen fertilizers. To test the interaction between putatively beneficial bacteria and rice plants, field experiments were conducted with two isolates: AC32 (Herbaspirillum sp.) and UR51 (Rhizobium sp.), and different nitrogen fertilization conditions (0%, 50%, and 100% of urea). Satisfactory results were obtained in relation to the nutrient uptake by plants inoculated with both isolates, principally when the recommended amount of nitrogen fertilizer was 50% reduced. These bacterial strains were unable to increase plant growth and grain yield when plants were subjected to the high level of fertilization. This study indicated that the tested inoculant formulations can provide essential nutrients to plants, especially when the levels of nitrogen fertilizers are reduced.     

Different leguminous pre-crops increased yield of succeeding cereals in two consecutive years

Leguminous pre-crops are an important source of green manure in organic crop rotations for improving soil fertility and achieving high yields of cereals. We aimed to study the potential of various leguminous species, other than the traditionally cultivated red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), as green manure pre-crops for subsequent cereals. The use of different legume species enables to exploit advantages of specific legumes in organic cereal production. In order to test the legumes as pre-crops for cereals, we carried out trials located in the temperate climate zone of northeast Europe (58°44′59.41″ N, 26°24′54.02″ E). We sowed the following perennial legumes as pre-crops: red clover, alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum L.) and Washington lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.), biennial white sweet clover (Melilotus albus Medik.) and annual Alexandria clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.). Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) was used as a control. The leguminous pre-crops were followed by three spring cereals (barley, oat and spring wheat) and two winter cereals (rye and winter wheat). We tested the first-year after-effect (all cereals) and second-year after-effect (only barley and oat) of pre-crops on the grain yield of cereals. Perennial and biennial legume species produced the highest dry matter yield and contained the highest amount of nutrients, especially nitrogen, compared to annual species. All subsequent cereals produced significant extra yields after each leguminous pre-crop in the following two years, although the effect was smaller in the second year. The most suitable pre-crops for spring cereals were red and alsike clover followed by lupine, whereas the best pre-crops for winter cereals were sweet clover and annual clovers. Our results show the potential of various leguminous pre-crop species as valuable sources of green manure in organic crop rotation.     

两种森林集水区径流量及其径流过程初步分析

研究桉树林和马尾松林集水区的径流量及其径流过程,为科学评估森林的水源涵养功能提供参考依据。于2013年8月—2014年7月运用小流域径流监测方法和自动采集数据,对桉树林和马尾松林集水区的径流量进行定位观测,并分析强降雨和连续降雨对径流过程的影响。结果表明:桉树林集水区的年径流深和径流系数分别为107.7 mm和8.2%,马尾松林的依次为319.4 mm和24.2%。在前期没有径流情况下,一次强降雨过程（降水量147.5 mm）,两种森林集水区的径流历时、径流最大值滞后于降雨峰值的时间和总径流深都存在明显差异,桉树林的分别为13.8 h,0.2 h和35.6 mm,马尾松林的依次为35.5 h,0.7 h和28.5 mm。一次连续7 d的降雨过程（降水量125.0 mm）,桉树林集水区只产生4 d径流,总径流深仅3.8 mm;马尾松林集水区则连续产生13 d径流,总径流深达10.1 mm。综上所述,马尾松林的水源涵养功能明显优于桉树林。     

山西省西伯利亚远志种质资源的ISSR分析

应用ISSR标记对山西省7个野生居群和1个人工栽培居群共60份西伯利亚远志种质进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明：从100对ISSR引物中共筛选出20条多态性好、条带稳定的引物,60份材料DNA共获得338个扩增位点,其中多态性位点334个,多态性比率为98.82%;有效等位基因数(Ne)、Nei's基因多样性指数(H)及Shannon多样性信息指数(I)分别为1.433 7、0.265 6和0.414 2,居群的遗传相似度在0.655 2～0.977 9,表明8个居群具有丰富的遗传多样性,这与其自身繁殖特点有     

思茅松种源/家系苗期选择研究

为了能够筛选出苗期表现优良的思茅松家系和进行苗期选择研究,笔者对收集的5个种源191个思茅松优株家系苗期生长指标进行了测定和分析。巢式数据方差分析结果表明：苗高、地径和高径比3个生长指标在种源和家系间均具有显著差异;而发芽率在种源和家系间差异未达显著水平。在对聚类分析结果与种源分类间关联性进行了分析后,发现聚类分析可用于优良家系筛选,并筛选出24个表现相对优良家系。     

缓/控释肥在土壤中的氮素释放特征及其对春玉米氮吸收的影响

为了探讨几种缓/控释肥在宁夏淡灰钙土上的氮素释放特性和生物学效应,寻求合适的缓/控释组合材料。通过盆栽试验,在氮磷钾等养分供应下研究了5个施肥处理对春玉米生长发育和氮素吸收利用的影响,同时探讨了几种缓/控释肥在土壤中的氮素释放规律。结果表明,相对不施氮处理,施用缓/控释肥可提高春玉米株高、地上部生物量和总生物量,同时也能显著促进地上部氮、根系氮和总氮吸收量,其氮肥利用率达33.9%~39.7%,较NPK平衡施肥(31.5%)提高了2.4%~8.2%。自研制缓/控释肥在土壤中的氮素释放天数在65天左右,释放高峰在第32天前后;而商品包膜尿素的氮素释放高峰在第17天前后,65天后依然有较高的氮素释放。因此,与商品包膜尿素相比,自研制缓/控释肥的氮素释放周期有待延长,但其对春玉米生育前期的氮素供应相对充足。     

玉米/鹰嘴豆间作条件下不同施磷量对灌耕灰钙土无机磷组分的影响

在甘肃引黄灌区的灌耕灰钙土区域,通过玉米／鹰嘴豆间作种植,采用蒋柏藩、顾益初石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法研究了施磷水平和间作种植方式对玉米、鹰嘴豆土壤无机磷素形态的影响。结果表明：研究区各无机磷形态含量顺序为O－P＞Ca10－P＞Ca8－P＞Al－P＞Fe－P＞Ca2－P ,施磷能够显著提高玉米和鹰嘴豆土壤中Ca2－P、Ca8－P、Al－P和Fe－P的含量,O－P和Ca10－P的含量不随施磷量增加发生显著性变化;与单作相比,间作种植对鹰嘴豆土壤带各无机磷组分含量没有显著影响,但间作玉米种植带土壤各组分无机磷含量均低于单作土壤,其中不施磷肥处理下Fe－P、施纯磷40 kg·hm－2处理下Al－P及施纯磷80 kg·hm－2处理下Ca10－P的含量显著低于单作土壤。     

农牧交错带不同植被群落对土壤微生物量碳氮磷的影响

为了解荒漠化土地植被恢复对土壤微生物量的影响,以地处毛乌素沙地南缘的榆林市沙生植物园植被恢复30年的乔木、灌木和草地3种植被群落下土壤为研究对象,分析了植被恢复对土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量及比值的影响及其与土壤理化性质的相关性。结果表明,农牧交错带荒漠化土地植被恢复可以明显提高表层土壤微生物碳、氮、磷的含量。土壤微生物量碳以灌木林地为最高,含量为288.35 mg·kg-1,显著高于草地和乔木,分别是乔木林地和草地的3.99和2.10倍;土壤微生物磷在三种植被群落间差异不明显;三种植被群落下土壤微生物碳氮比的高低为乔木林地草地灌木林地,土壤微生物碳磷比表现为草地略高于乔木林地和灌木林地。相关性分析结果显示微生物量碳、氮、磷与土壤理化性质相关性极为密切,其中与土壤养分各指标大多呈现极显著相关,与土壤容重多为极显著负相关。说明土壤微生物量可以作为评价土壤质量的生物学指标。     

分层供水施磷对冬小麦产量和氮、磷、钾养分吸收及其在不同器官分配的影响

研究分层供水条件下施磷对冬小麦产量和氮、 磷、 钾养分吸收及其在不同器官分配的影响, 为指导旱地施磷提供一定理论和实践依据。以土垫旱耕人为土为供试土壤, 进行土柱模拟试验, 研究分层供水施磷对冬小麦产量和氮、 磷、 钾养分吸收及其在不同器官分配的影响。试验设不施磷和施磷于0~30 cm和 30~60 cm土层 3种处理, 每个施磷水平下设整体湿润和上干下湿 （0~30 cm土层干旱胁迫, 30~60 cm土层湿润） 2种水分处理。不同土层水磷处理显著影响冬小麦产量和磷、 氮、 钾养分吸收及其在不同器官分配。结果表明, 与整体湿润处理相比, 上干下湿水分处理下冬小麦产量和籽粒氮、 磷、 钾累积量及分配率均显著增加(P＜0.05), 其他营养器官养分累积量及分配率则差异不显著。磷肥施用深度对冬小麦产量和不同器官氮、 磷、 钾养分累积量和分配率的影响与不同土层的土壤水分状况有关。整体湿润条件下, 与磷肥表施处理相比, 磷肥深施处理产量显著降低(P＜0.05), 减产 7.49%, 上干下湿水分条件下, 则相反, 增产 11.2%(P＜0.05); 整体湿润条件下, 与磷肥表施处理处理相比, 磷肥深施处理显著降低叶片+茎鞘氮、 磷、 钾累积量(P＜0.05), 对分配率的影响差异均不显著, 上干下湿水分处理下, 与磷肥表施处理相比, 磷肥深施处理籽粒氮、 磷、 钾累积量及分配率均显著增加(P＜0.05)。本模拟试验结果表明, 土壤水分供应不足时, 磷肥深施提高冬小麦籽粒氮、 磷、 钾养分累积量及分配率, 促进光合产物向穗部转移,从而有利于形成高产。