添加氧化镁和铵明矾对菜田高磷土壤活性磷的影响

为研究不同种类钝化剂对土壤磷素的固定效果,通过室内培养试验,向土壤中添加氧化镁、铵明矾及二者不同比例的混合物,研究其对土壤0.01 mol·L~(-1)CaCl_2浸提磷、0.5 mol·L~(-1)NaHCO_3浸提磷含量及磷素组分的影响。结果表明:与未钝化的对照处理相比,向土壤分别添加0.5%和2.0%(m/m)的氧化镁、铵明矾或其混合物培养45 d后,均显著降低了土壤CaCl_2浸提磷含量。添加氧化镁或铵明矾分别降低了87.8%(0.5%)、98.0%(2.0%)和44.4%(0.5%)、88.8%(2.0%)的CaCl_2浸提磷含量,而二者混合物的钝化效果明显弱于氧化镁。添加2.0%的氧化镁、铵明矾或其混合物对土壤NaHCO_3浸提磷含量降低明显,但氧化镁和铵明矾的混合物降低土壤NaHCO_3浸提磷的效果弱于铵明矾。对培养45 d后的土壤进行Hedley分组测定磷素组分发现,添加氧化镁或铵明矾显著降低了土壤H_2O浸提总磷和NaHCO_3浸提总磷含量,添加铵明矾显著增加了土壤中Na OH浸提总磷的含量。氧化镁、铵明矾和土壤活性磷不同的作用机理是导致氧化镁固定CaCl_2-P效果显著而铵明矾固定Olsen-P效果显著的主要原因。     

基于DVS技术研究木材的动态吸附特性

利用动态水分吸附（DVS）技术测量黑桦和油松2种木材在动态吸附过程中的含水率,再通过平行指数动力学（PEK）模型分析其动态吸附特性。结果表明,相对湿度越高,木材吸附时间越长,平衡含水率越高;黑桦和油松的吸附等温线呈“S”形,是Ⅱ型吸附等温线;各个湿度阶段DVS测试与PEK模型拟合得到的平衡含水率差值小,在-0.08%～0.02%间,拟合度R²均高于0.99;PEK模型中快速（MC₁）与慢速（MC₂）吸附过程含水率之和近似等于该湿度阶段试样增长的含水率（ΔMC）;快速吸附过程与单层吸附相似,MC₁折线总体呈下降的趋势,慢速吸附过程与多层吸附相似,MC₂折线总体呈上升的趋势;黑桦试样慢速特征时间（t₂）范围为51.50～103.20 min,快速特征时间（t₁）为3.83～9.27 min,油松试样t₂范围为12.72～28.63 min,t₁为3.64～7.83 min。     

鄂尔多斯红色砒砂岩干湿循环作用下力学性能试验研究

为了分析鄂尔多斯市准格尔旗不同粒径砒砂岩的力学性能,进行不同干湿循环次数试验,得到了砒砂岩收缩变形和强度特性的变化规律.结果表明:<2.00 mm(原状砒砂岩)试样在3次干湿循环后收缩变化最大;0.50~1.00 mm试样一直缓慢收缩沉积;0.25~0.50 mm和<0.25 mm试样在第3次循环后土体的密实度达到最强.在此基础上,利用直剪仪测定其抗剪强度.在相同的垂直荷载下,发现<2.00 mm试样随着循环次数的增大,1~3次循环的过程中抗剪强度增加最大,之后小幅度增加;0.50~1.00 mm试样随循环次数的增加呈现出缓慢增长的趋势;0.25~0.50 mm和<0.25 mm试样随着循环次数的增加而先略有降低,之后稍有增加并逐渐保持稳定.砒砂岩内摩擦角变化,<2.00 mm和0.50~1.00 mm粒径随干湿循环次数增加而递增;而0.25~0.50 mm和<0.25 mm粒径内摩擦角几乎不变化.黏聚力变化,<2.00 mm 和0.50~1.00 mm试样呈现出先增大逐渐平缓的趋势;0.25~0.50 mm和<0.25 mm试样呈现先减小随后小幅度增大的趋势.     

Strawberry vein banding virus P6 protein intracellular transport and an important domain identification

Strawberry vein banding virus(SVBV)-infected strawberry cells contain cytoplasmic inclusions with isometric particles.To identify the components of the inclusions,green fluorescent protein(GFP)was fused to the carboxy-terminus(C-terminus)of SVBV open reading frames,these constructs were separately transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens and infiltrated into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.Results showed that the SVBV P6 protein assembled into prominent and amorphous inclusion bodies(IBs).To investigate P6 subcellular localization,P6-GFP was ectopically expressed in N.benthamiana leaves by agroinfiltration and then stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole(DAPI).We found the P6 protein accumulated in the nuclei and also formed cytoplasmic IBs with different sizes.To further determine the location of P6 IBs in the cytoplasm,and explore whether the P6 IBs move freely or depend on cytoskeleton and endoplasmic reticulum(ER),the microfilament marker protein(GFP-ABD2-GFP),microtubules marker protein(m Cherry-MAP65-1)and ER marker protein(m Cherry-HDEL)were separately coexpressed with P6-GFP and into N.benthamiana leaves by agroinfiltration,exhibiting that P6 IBs aligned with cytoskeleton and endoplasmic reticulum.Meanwhile,coinfiltration of P1 and P6 indicated the P6colocalized with the P1 protein at periphery of cells.The P6 protein contains one C-terminal nuclear localization signal(NLS)region,a P6 protein mutant with a deleted NLS did not localize in the nucleus,did not form IBs,and was unable to facilitate exogenous GFP expression.These results demonstrate that the deleted NLS region is an important P6 domain required for biological functions.In summary,the mobile P6 IBs are associated with ER,microfilaments and microtubules and move along microfilaments to the SVBV P1 protein in the PD.     

中国农牧交错带燕麦土壤有效磷丰缺指标与适宜施磷量初步研究

为了给中国农牧交错带燕麦施肥提供科学依据,采用土壤有效养分含量与缺素处理相对产量回归方程法、土壤有效养分丰缺分级改良方案和“养分平衡—地力差减法”确定适宜施肥量新应用公式,开展了中国农牧交错带燕麦土壤有效磷丰缺指标与适宜施磷量研究。结果表明,中国农牧交错带燕麦土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)第1～8级丰缺指标依次为≥45、27～45、16～27、9～16、5.5～9、3.5～5.5、2.0～3.5和＜2.0 mg/kg。当磷肥当季利用率20%、目标产量1.5～6.0 t/hm₂时,土壤有效磷丰缺级别第1～8级的适宜施磷量范围依次为0～0、8～30、15～60、23～90、30～120、38～150、45～180和53～210 kg/hm₂。     

生物炭对红壤茶园溶磷细菌数量数量及和土壤磷形态转化有效磷含量的影响

为检测施用生物炭对酸性红壤土壤磷转化和土壤溶磷细菌数量的影响,用茶园土进了8周的接种溶磷细菌的微缩土壤培养实验,设置了0%、1%、3%（重量比）3种添加生物炭处理。结果表明：接种后土壤溶磷细菌数量迅速下降,而施用生物炭显著增加了茶园溶磷细菌的数量,为不施用生物炭的对照处理的10.5~15.25倍。此外,添加生物炭显著提高了土壤pH值、土壤有效磷(Bray-P)含量与土壤碱性磷酸酶活性。相关性分析结果表明：红壤茶园土壤溶磷细菌数量与土壤有机碳、总氮、总磷、有效磷、pH值、碱性磷酸酶活性之间均呈显著正相关关系,与土壤酸性磷酸酶活性呈负相关关系。总之,与对照处理相比较,添加生物炭可以增加红壤茶园土壤溶磷细菌的数量,并对土壤磷素起到活化作用。 关键词：生物炭;溶磷细菌;土壤有效磷;土壤碱性磷酸酶;红壤茶园     

河南省不同轮作区双低杂交油菜氮磷钾肥的效应研究

确定河南省不同轮作区冬油菜的最佳氮、磷、钾施肥配比,为河南省油菜的配方施肥提供科学依据。以丰油10号为冬油菜供试品种,在基追比为7:3的基础上,采用“3414”最优回归设计,研究氮磷钾不同施肥处理对油菜产量、农学利用率、养分生产力及经济效益等的影响,并通过一元二次回归方程确定不同轮作区油菜的最佳施肥方案。结果表明各施肥处理中,稻油轮作潢川2个试验点达到最高产量的施肥配方为N₂P₂K₃,平均产量为3 204.15kg/hm ²,其经济效益最高,为13 485.5元/hm ²。氮肥（N）、磷肥（P₂O₅）、钾肥（K₂O）平均增收15.33、22.20和22.17kg/kg。因此稻油轮作中磷钾较低地区的最佳施肥处理为N₂P₂K₃,与一元二次效应方程得出的最佳施肥量结果基本一致。玉米-油菜轮作区南阳试验点获得最高经济效益的施肥配方为N₁P₁K₂,产量为2 801.4kg/hm ²,经济效益为12 599.4元/hm ²,相比最高产量的施肥配方N₂P₃K₂,产值减少875.3元/hm ²,经济效益增长472.4元/hm ²。氮肥（N）、磷肥（P₂O₅）、钾肥（K₂O）平均增收4.05、6.07和5.87kg/kg。因此玉米-油菜轮作磷钾较高地区最佳施肥处理为N₁P₁K₂,是获得高产和高经济效益的施肥配方。     

Fish assemblage production estimates in Appalachian streams across a latitudinal and temperature gradient

Production of biomass is central to the ecology and sustainability of fish assemblages. The goal of this study was to empirically estimate and compare fish assemblage production, production‐to‐biomass (P/B) ratios and species composition for 25 second‐ to third‐order streams spanning the Appalachian Mountains (from Vermont to North Carolina) that vary in their temperature regimes. Fish assemblage production estimates ranged from 0.15 to 6.79 g m^?2 year^?1, and P/B ratios ranged from 0.20 to 1.07. There were no significant differences in mean assemblage production across northern cold‐water, southern cold‐water and southern cool‐water streams (p = .35). Two warm‐water streams, not included in these comparisons, had the highest mean production and biomass values. Mean assemblage P/B was significantly higher in northern cold‐water streams relative to southern cold‐water and cool‐water streams (p = .01). Species evenness in production declined with stream temperature and differed significantly across the lower latitude cold‐water, cool‐water and warm‐water streams and the higher latitude (i.e. more northern) cold‐water streams. Our fish assemblage production estimates and P/B ratios were both lower and higher compared to previously published estimates for similar stream habitats. This study provides empirical fish assemblage production estimates to inform future research on southern Appalachian streams and on the potential impacts of varying temperature regimes on cold‐water, cool‐water and warm‐water fish production in the coming decades as climate change continues to threaten fish assemblages.     

Nutritional and Functional Properties of Two Dried Brown Seaweeds Sirophysalis trinodis and Polycladia myrica

Sirophysalis trinodis and Polycladia myrica, two brown seaweeds present on the southeast coast of Iran, were evaluated for their nutritional and functional properties after drying. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of crude polysaccharides revealed the characteristic absorption bands of phenol, O–H, C–H, C–O–S, C–O, C=O, C–H groups, and β-glycosidic linkages from cellulose, with the sulfate contents estimated as 4.89 ± 0.11% and 6.96 ± 0.05% of SO₄^?2. Results of nutritional profiles revealed all of the essential amino acids, especially methionine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, threonine, valine, phenyl alanine, and arginine. In addition, important fatty acids such as linolenic acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid were found in high amounts. The other nutritional components present in high amounts were proline and minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper, and zinc. The antibacterial activity was weak, but the result of antioxidant activities (hydroxyl and superoxide radicals scavenging and ferrous-ion chelating ability) of crude polysaccharides was considerable. In general, the findings of this study recommend that S. trinodis and P. myrica dried seaweeds have a potent nutritional value and might be used as a valuable source of nutrient supplements for humans and animals.