水稻植株不同部位中三唑磷含量动态分布趋势的研究

为揭示三唑磷农药在水稻中的动态变化,研究了田间栽培条件下两个品种水稻（内2优6号和秀水09）不同组织部位中三唑磷分布和动态趋势。水稻抽穗前,经不同浓度三唑磷（2250、4500mL·hm-2）处理一次,分别于0、1、3、7、14、21、60d测定水稻叶片、叶鞘、茎秆和穗等部位中三唑磷含量。结果表明,水稻叶片、叶鞘中三唑磷含量动态分布趋势均为随时间延长而逐渐降低,施药后第21d,2种水稻品种叶片中三唑磷的降解率均大于95%;水稻茎秆、穗中三唑磷含量动态分布趋势均呈现单峰曲线变化,其含量随时间延长先增加后降低。水稻叶片、叶鞘、茎秆和穗中三唑磷出现最高浓度的时间存在显著性差异,分别为施药后第0、0、1～3和21d,进一步表明,水稻叶鞘中三唑磷含量动态分布与叶片中相应过程具有一致性,而茎秆和穗中三唑磷含量动态分布与其在叶片和叶鞘中相应过程具有显著的滞后性。结合实际生产,水稻抽穗前应严格控制三唑磷的施用量和施用次数。     

Asymmetric warming effects on N dynamics and productivity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Climate warming exhibits strong diurnal variations, with higher warming rates being observed at nighttime, which significantly affects rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and grain yield. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of asymmetric warming (all-day warming, AW; daytime warming from 07:00 to 19:00, DW; nighttime warming from 19:00 to 07:00, NW, and a control, CK) on rice nitrogen (N) dynamics and productivity. Two rice bucket warming experiments were performed in Nanjing in Jiangsu Province, China, using the free air temperature increase (FATI) technique. The daily mean temperatures in the rice canopy in the AW, DW and NW plots were 2.0, 1.1 and 1.3ºC higher than those in the rice canopy in the CK plots, respectively. The results indicated that the total N accumulation of rice was 8.27–40.53% higher in the warming treatment than in the control during the jointing, anthesis and maturity stages. However, there was no significant difference detected among the three warming treatments. The warming treatment substantially decreased N translocation efficiency, leading to the retention of more N in the plant stems during grain filling. The warming treatment also decreased the N harvest index, N utilization efficiency based on grain yield and N utilization efficiencies based on biomass in both growing seasons. The warming treatment significantly increased the aboveground biomass (9.26–16.18%) in the jointing stage but decreased it (2.75–9.63%) in the maturity stage. Although DW increased the carbon (C) gain by photosynthesis and NW increased the C loss by night respiration, the daytime higher-temperature treatment affected rice photosynthesis and reduced its photosynthetic rate and product. This effect may be one of the primary reasons for the insignificant difference in the aboveground biomass between the DW and NW treatments. In the AW, DW and NW plots, the grain yield was reduced by an average of 10.07, 5.05 and 7.89%, respectively, across both years. The effective panicles and grains per spike tended to decrease in the warmed plots, whereas irregular changes in the 1000-grain weight were observed. Our results suggest that under the anticipated climate warming, rice productivity would further decline in the Yangtze River Basin.     

缺钾对水稻不同品种光合和能量耗散的影响

试验测定了钾敏感型(二九丰)和钾钝感型(原丰早)两个水稻品种在缺钾处理41.d后其剑叶的生长、光合光响应曲线、叶绿素荧光参数光响应曲线和暗弛豫动力学曲线。结果表明,缺钾降低了水稻剑叶的光合作用,显著抑制了生长。但是缺钾条件下导致两个水稻品种净光合速率(Pn)下降的主导因子并不相同。在缺钾条件下,原丰早(YFZ)剑叶的Pn随气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)的下降而下降,但叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿素含量几乎没有变化,说明其Pn下降主要归于气孔的限制。缺钾处理41.d后,二九丰(EJF)在低光强下[500mol/(m2.s)],Pn随Gs和Ci下降,但在更强的光强下,Pn和Gs继续下降,而Ci开始上升,并在1200mol/(m2.s)处超越了对照,说明此时主导因子不单受气孔限制,还受非气孔因子限制;它的光饱和点从1200mol/(m2.s)下降到大约500mol/(m2.s);同时,其荧光参数Fv/Fm、ФPSII、qP和ETR随光强上升而迅速下降,而L(PFD)、E和PP迅速增加,NPQ在1200mol/(m2.s)光强下上升,但是在高光强下却迅速降低,甚至低于对照,而且Fm、Fv/Fm下降,Fo上升,均说明缺钾处理可能使光合机构受到了伤害,发生了光抑制。对非光化学猝灭的分析得到其中间组分qNm可能起了更大的能量耗散作用,部分激发能从PSⅡ转移到PSⅠ,降低了PSⅡ耗散能量的压力。以上结果表明,两品种对钾敏感性不同极可能也与缺钾条件下光保护能力的差异有关。     

Genotypic variation in grain cadmium concentration of lowland rice

Cadmium (Cd) contamination of paddy rice soils is commonly observed in the Yangtse River Delta, China. Large Cd uptake by rice plants and its translocation into the grains can entail human‐health risks. Genotypic variations in Cd uptake and a differential Cd partitioning into grains will be the basis for developing a rice screening or breeding tool for low grain Cd. A field experiment, conducted at the experimental farm of Jiaxing, Zhejiang province from 2002 to 2004, compared 38 rice genotypes of different types (indica vs. japonica) collected from the Yangtse River Delta. The results showed large differences in Cd concentrations in straw, brown rice, and grain chaff among the rice genotypes grown on Cd‐contaminated soil. Concentrations in brown rice ranged from 0.06 to 0.99 mg Cd kg^–1. The total Cd uptake in brown rice varied between 0.96 and 28.58 μg plant ^{– 1}. In general, indica‐type cultivars accumulated significantly more Cd than the japonica‐type cultivars. The Cd concentration in straw was highly correlated with that in brown rice. While significant differences in the Cd‐partitioning ratio (% share of total Cd uptake found in brown rice) among rice genotypes were observed, these were not correlated with Cd concentration of brown rice. This indicates that the Cd accumulation in rice grains appears to be governed mainly by the Cd uptake by the plant and probably not by differential Cd partitioning. The large genotypic variation suggests the possibility to lower the Cd content of rice by genotype selection. The development of such breeding tools should focus on low Cd uptake rather than Cd partitioning between straw and grain.     

水稻叶片形态建成分子调控机制研究进展

叶片形态是水稻“理想株型”的重要组成部分,是当前水稻高产育种关注的重点。本文通过对已克隆多个叶形相关调控基因综述了水稻叶片形态(叶片卷曲度、倾角、披散程度以及叶片宽度)建成的分子遗传学研究进展。综合分析认为,水稻叶片的卷曲主要是通过卷叶基因调控叶片近轴/远轴间的发育、泡状细胞的发育及其膨胀和渗透压、厚壁组织的形成以及叶片角质层的发育等来实现。影响植株空间伸展姿态的叶倾角主要通过叶角基因调控油菜素内酯的信号传导来影响叶枕细胞的生长发育;唯一被克隆的影响叶片披垂度的披叶基因DL1是通过控制叶片中脉发育而改变叶片形态的;而窄叶基因则主要通过调控生长素的合成与极性运输、维管组织的发育和分布,影响叶片维管束数目及宽度。但到目前为止,所有已克隆的叶形调控基因间相互调控关系的研究还不够深入,还不能完整清晰地勾勒水稻叶形建成和发育的分子调控网络。因此,在已有的研究基础上更深入地探索水稻叶片形态建成的分子调控机制,对进一步构建相关的调控网络,塑造水稻理想株型具有重要意义。     

水稻ygl80黄绿叶突变体的遗传分析与目标基因精细定位

通过化学诱变获得遗传稳定的水稻黄绿叶突变体ygl80。与野生型亲本10079相比,ygl80突变体在苗期和孕穗期叶片叶绿素分别下降76.64%和54.59%,类胡萝卜素含量分别下降53.85%和41.18%,成熟期株高、每株有效穗数、每穗着粒数、穗长和千粒重分别减少14.8%、16.5%、21.3%、9.1%和7.4%。遗传分析表明,ygl80的突变性状由1对隐性核基因控制。利用(ygl80/浙辐802) F₂作为定位群体, 将突变基因定位在第5染色体长臂InDel标记C2和C3之间,遗传距离分别为0.24 cM 和0.39 cM,两标记之间的物理距离约为90 kb,此区间内包含11个预测基因。基因组序列分析发现,ygl80突变体在编码叶绿素合酶的YGL1(LOC_Os05g28200)基因编码区第5027碱基处(位于第14外显子),碱基C突变为碱基T,使编码蛋白序列第348位的脯氨酸(Pro)突变成亮氨酸(Leu)。该基因是已报道的水稻ygl1黄绿叶突变基因的等位基因。ygl80突变体在整个生育期都表现为黄绿叶,而ygl1突变体在苗期叶片黄化,中期慢慢转绿,后期叶色以及总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的含量接近野生型,这可能是YGL1基因编码的叶绿素合酶蛋白的氨基酸不同突变位点造成的。     

03-19-程旺大-密穗型水稻的研究现状及展望

水稻密穗型品种通过“扩库”使产量水平有了较大提高，其育成和推广在近20a来浙江省晚粳稻品种改良及增产中起了重要作用。分析了密穗型品种的形态学特征及其生理生态特性，从群体小气候环境、物质的生产和分配、产量结构、稻曲病的发生及稻米品质和灌浆特性等方面进行了讨论。在此基础上，对密穗型水稻的研究作了展望，认为应继续加大形态类型创新和育种基础材料的创新，开展不同类型品种源库关系的研究，以及不同类型品种品质差异及其形成机理的研究。     

用Rim2超级家族分子指纹鉴别杂交水稻及预测杂种优势

选用5对Rim2引物对21份籼稻和20份粳稻材料进行了DNA指纹扩增,共扩增出38条谱带,其中多态性谱带26条,多态性水平为69.64%;粳稻平均多态性水平为56.67%,明显高于籼稻。根据Nei’s遗传距离计算获得的聚类树状图表明,参试21份籼稻材料聚为6组,20份粳稻材料聚为7组。亲缘关系分析表明,Rim2分子指纹可以区分多数的籼稻或粳稻材料,且显示出材料的遗传特征。考察部分籼稻和粳稻杂交组合的产量对照优势与双亲间遗传距离的关系,发现杂交粳稻的遗传距离与杂交优势表现出相关性,而杂交籼稻无此相关性。     

回交高代选择导入系的纹枯病抗性与抗旱性的遗传重叠研究

利用来自抗旱性较好的供体亲本（BG300和BG304）、具有两种遗传背景（IR64和特青）的水稻高代回交（BC2）抗旱选择导入系，通过人工接种的方法鉴定纹枯病抗性，考察纹枯病抗性与抗旱性之间可能存在的遗传重叠。通过与受体亲本的纹枯病抗性表现比较发现，具有特青背景的抗旱选择导入系倾向于纹枯病抗性的降低，而IR64背景的抗旱选择导入系则倾向于纹枯病抗性的增强。基于基因型与表型的方差分析共鉴定到6个与纹枯病抗性相关的位点，其中QSbr6在不同供体和背景的两个群体中分别检测到，而QSbr10则在同一供体的两个遗传背景下均检测到；有3个位点（QSbr6、QSbr8和QSbr10）与同一群体中检测到的抗旱性位点位置相近，很可能是两种抗性重叠的遗传基础。尽管方差分析的方法在选择导入系的非选择目标性状相关位点的鉴定中存在相当程度的偏低估计，本研究所检测到的纹枯病抗性位点，特别是那些与抗旱性重叠位点的分子标记以及相关的抗性株系仍将为进一步的水稻纹枯病抗性和抗旱性的多抗性育种和深入的遗传重叠研究提供有用的信息和材料。     

Methane emission from two Indian soils planted with different rice cultivars

In a greenhouse study, methane emissions were measured from two diverse Indian rice-growing soils planted to five rice cultivars under similar water regimes, fertilizer applications and environmental conditions. Significant variations were observed in methane emitted from soils growing different cultivars. Total methane emission varied between 8.04 and 20.92gm^–2 from IARI soil (Inceptisol) and between 1.47 and 10.91gm^–2 from Raipur soil (Vertisol) planted to rice. In all the cultivars, emissions from IARI soil were higher than from Raipur soil. The first methane flux peak was noticed during the reproductive phase and the second peak coincided with the grain-ripening stage of the rice cultivars. Received: July 7, 1996