Dry‐Matter and Grain Yield,Nutrient Uptake,and Phosphorus Use‐Efficiency of Lowland Rice as Influenced by Phosphorus Fertilization

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the most yield‐limiting factors in lowland acid soils of Brazil. A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive years to determine dry‐matter and grain yield, nutrient uptake, and P‐use efficiency of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown on an acidic Inceptisol. Phosphorus rates used in the experiment were 0, 131, 262, 393, 524, and 655 kg P ha^?1 applied as broadcast through termophosphate yoorin. Dry‐matter yield of shoot and grain yield were significantly (P<0.01) and quadratically increased with P fertilization. Concentrations (content per unit dry‐weight leaves) of nitrogen (N), P, and magnesium (Mg) were significantly increased in a quadratic fashion with the increasing P rates. However, concentrations of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) were not influenced significantly with P fertilization, and Mn concentration was significantly decreased with increasing P rates. Phosphorus use efficiencies (agronomic, physiological, agrophysiological, recovery, and utilization) were decreased with increasing P rates. However, magnitude of decrease varied from efficiency to efficiency.     

拔节期光强对水稻抗倒伏能力的影响及机理

【目的】探讨拔节期光强对水稻Oryza sativa L.抗倒伏能力的影响。【方法】通过人工气候箱光强控制试验,在基部第1、第2、第3节间伸长期及第1~3节间伸长期进行不同光强处理,测定水稻茎秆倒伏指数和基部节间的形态和材料力学性状。【结果】倒伏指数随着光强增加显著下降。在第1~3节间伸长期连续用中、高光强处理,茎秆倒伏指数比低光强处理降低34.8%~73.9%。倒伏指数与节间长度呈极显著正相关,与节间粗度、茎壁厚度和节间充实度呈显著负相关。第2节间伸长期是茎秆抗倒伏能力对光强反应最敏感的时期。光强对水稻抗倒伏能力的影响有累积效应。第1~3节间伸长期连续处理条件下,倒伏指数和多数形态、材料力学性状的变异系数高于单个节间伸长期处理。【结论】节间长度、茎壁厚度和节间充实度是影响茎秆抗倒伏性的关键因子。光强改变了节间长度、单位体积节间干质量和茎壁厚度等形态特性,进而影响茎秆抗折力和弯曲力矩等材料力学性状,最终影响水稻抗倒伏能力。     

滇东地质高背景区土壤镉的伴矿景天修复及其对后茬水稻的影响

云南是我国典型的重金属元素地球化学高背景区,超积累植物能否有效修复镉（Cd）地质高背景土壤,从而实现农产品安全生产,尚鲜见报道。以云南石林、富源和罗平等三地的典型Cd地质高背景农田土壤为对象,开展温室盆栽试验,探究Cd、锌（Zn）超积累植物伴矿景天对土壤Cd的吸取修复效果,及对后茬水稻生长和Cd吸收的作用。结果表明,种植三季伴矿景天使三地土壤全量Cd分别下降24.8%、30.9%和58.8%;伴矿景天在富源玄武岩风化物母质发育的土壤上长势最好,与富源土壤肥力相对最高有关;伴矿景天在罗平石灰岩风化物发育的土壤上重金属吸取修复效果最佳,与罗平土壤呈中性、酸化作用更为明显有关,这些差异由土壤母质、养分与重金属有效性等综合影响所致。经伴矿景天吸取修复三季后,全生育期淹水种稻,其糙米和秸秆Cd浓度均大幅降低,可实现糙米Cd安全生产。未经植物吸取修复,旱作处理下水稻糙米Cd存在超标风险。植物吸取修复后种植水稻,再结合水分管理措施,可进一步降低稻米中Cd浓度,实现稻米安全生产,为Cd地质高背景区土壤的农作物安全生产提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

Responses of Rice Genotypes Carrying Different Dwarf Genes to Fusarium moniliforme and Gibberellic Acid

Abstract

A total of 32 rice genotypes carrying different dwarf or semi-dwarf genes were inoculated with the fungus Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon or treated with 50 mg l-¹ GA₃ in order to select resources resistant to rice bakanae disease from the dwarf materials. The length of the elongated seedlings was measured, and the percentage of death of the seedlings after transplanting to field was also counted. A significant correlation was found between the length of the seedling treated with GA₃ and disease injury by bakanae fungus. Rice materials carrying dwarf gene such as sd1 were not only sensitivity to GA₃ but also susceptive to rice bakanae disease. Materials carrying dwarf gene d1 were insensitive to GA₃ but susceptive to bakanae. On the other hand, all materials carrying d29, sd6 or sdq(t) genes showed resistance to bakanae. The present study indicated that dwarf and semi-dwarf rice materials might be useful resources for improvement of bakanae resistance in rice breeding programs.     

Screening,Inheritance and Linkage Marker Analyses of Salt Tolerance in Mutated Scented Japonica Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract

We grew 1005 mutated scented japonica rice lines to the seventh steady genetic generation, and treated the seedlings with six true leaves with 300 mM NaCl for three days. Only the salt-tolerant line, SM61, survived. We obtained F₁, F₂ and F₃ populations from the cross between SM61 and a salt-susceptible indica variety, TCS17. After culture with 200 mM NaCl for five days, SM61 and F₁ (SM61×TCS17; TCS17×SM61) plants survived (R) while TCS17 plants did not (S). The R to S ratio in 513 F₂ plants showed a good fit to the Mendelian 3 : 1 segregation ratio by a Chi-square test indicating that the salt-tolerance of SM61 was governed by a single dominant gene. The mutated salt-tolerance gene explained close to 100% of the total phenotypic variation, and was tightly linked to RM223 (marker) located on chromosome 8, which was different from the results of previous studies investigating the relationship of QTLs with salt tolerance. This is the first report of mapping tightly linked markers of a single dominant mutated salt-tolerance gene.     

Chromosomal regions controlling anther culturability in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Diallel analysis has revealed that anther culturability in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a quantitative trait controlled by the nuclear genome. Mapping of anther culturability is important to increase the efficiency for green plant regeneration from microspores. In the previous study, we detected distorted segregation of RFLP markers in rice populations derived from the anther culture of an F₁ hybrid between a japonica cultivar ‘Nipponbare’ and an indica cultivar ‘Milyang 23’. To clarify the association between chromosomal regions showing distorted segregation and anther culturability, the anther culturability of doubled haploid lines derived from the same cross combination was examined, and the association between alleles of the RFLP markers, which exhibiting the most distorted segregation on chromosomes 1, 3, 7, 10 and 11, and the anther culturability was evaluated. One region on chromosome 1 was found to control callus formation from microspores, and one region on chromosome 10 appeared to control the ratio of green to albino regenerated plants. In both regions, the Nipponbare allele had positive effects. Three regions on chromosomes 3, 7 and 11, however, showed no significant effect on anther culturability. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

水稻斑点叶突变体hm197的鉴定及其基因定位

通过双环氧丁烷 (diepoxybutane)诱变籼稻品种IR64获得遗传稳定的水稻褐色斑点叶突变体hm197。在自然条件下,该突变体褐色斑点自播种后10周开始于叶尖出现,而后慢慢扩散至全叶。遗传分析表明,该褐色斑点性状受一对隐性核基因控制,暂名spl^hm197,并将其定位在第4染色体长臂上140 kb的区段内。与野生型IR64相比,突变体株高、结实率和千粒重等农艺性状均显著下降。遮光处理表明,hm197褐色斑点的形成受自然光照的诱导。此外,hm197光合色素含量和光合效率也比野生型显著降低。组织化学分析表明,突变体中有过氧化氢和大量超氧阴离子O_{2 ?}的沉积。与IR64相比,hm197叶片中清除氧自由基酶系统中SOD和APX活性极显著上升,其余均极显著下降,同时伴随总可溶蛋白含量下降以及MDA含量上升,hm197表现出早衰迹象。抗病性鉴定表明,与野生型相比突变体对白叶枯病菌的抗性显著增强。     

野生稻原生质体培养与植株再生

三个野生稻（O. rufipogon,O. glumaepatula 和O. latifolia）成熟胚,经愈伤组织诱导和悬浮细胞培养,分离原生质体,利用简化原生质体培养基（SPCM）,结合琼脂糖包埋,并附加看护细胞培养液,这三个野生稻原生质体均得到了成功培养,其中两个（O. rufipogon和O. glumaepatula ）分化了绿色植株。看护细胞液在野生稻原生质体培养中,可促进细胞分裂,提早细胞分裂始期,细胞分裂频率（3.2％）和植板率（19.0%）分别比未加看护细胞液的培养方法高出13.3%和6.2%。看护细胞液可大大减少野生稻愈伤组织在液体中培养始期的死亡率,提高建立其悬浮细胞的成功率。原生质体克隆在适当的后培养基上进行培养,可以显著改良其结构,明显促进绿苗分化。尤其是L3培养基诱导原生质体克隆形成胚性愈伤组织或类似胚状体结构的频率达32.1%,显著高于MS和N6培养基,从而导致较高绿苗分化频率。     

Interaction between the eui gene and thermo-sensitive genic male sterility in rice

Panicle enclosure is a typical phenotype of almost all male-sterile rice lines. An elongated uppermost internode (eui) mutant exhibited notably rapid elongation of the uppermost internode at the heading stage; this is considered as a potential mechanism to eliminate panicle enclosure. We developed thermo-sensitive genic male-sterile (TGMS) eui mutants that were characterized by notably elongated uppermost internodes. The elongation of the uppermost internode in the TGMS eui mutant Changxuan 3S (CX) is mainly attributed to an increase in cell number and cell elongation, the latter being the more significant process. Temperature treatments revealed that the effects of temperature on panicle exsertion were similar to those on fertility and that the most temperature-sensitive stage coincides with the period from the formation of the pollen mother cell to meiosis during panicle initiation. These results indicate that elongation increases as temperature decreases and that the expression of the eui gene is more efficient at low temperatures than at high temperatures. In hybrid rice seed production using the TGMS eui mutant, the temperature range should be optimized at 24–28°C in order to preserve the development of completely male-sterile pollen and to eliminate panicle enclosure. Consequently, by using TGMS eui rice lines, gibberellin application can be avoided, thereby reducing the cost of hybrid seed production. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

稻瘟病抗性基因Pi25特异性CAPS标记的开发与验证

为在水稻育种中快速与高效利用稻瘟病抗性基因Pi25, 本文利用该基因不同等位基因编码区序列差异开发了4套CAPS标记(CAP1/Hinc II、CAP3/Bgl II、CAP3/Nde I和CAP3/Hpy 99I), 并利用169份稻种资源、98个重组自交系(RIL)以及217个水稻转基因后代, 对4套标记的准确性和选择效果进行了验证。结果表明, 4套标记均能准确地检测Pi25/pi25座位。其中, 标记CAP1/Hinc II和CAP3/Hpy 99I特异性识别并酶切显性等位基因, 而标记CAP3/Bgl II和CAP3/Nde I特异性识别并酶切隐性等位基因。利用稻瘟病菌株JS001-20接种RIL与转基因材料, 抗性表现与标记检测的结果完全一致, 表明该CAPS标记准确可靠。分析稻种资源后发现, Pi25基因频率较低(1.2%), 说明该基因在我国水稻稻瘟病抗性育种中还没有被充分利用。本文的研究结果特别是开发的2对识别并酶切显性等位基因的CAPS标记可用于分子标记辅助选择, 改良我国早籼稻的稻瘟病抗性。