铺散诸葛菜的组织培养及植株再生

 以铺散诸葛菜的叶柄及叶片为外植体, 研究了不同的再生方式。在6-BA 和NAA 配合使用的MS 培养基上, 叶柄和叶片外植体有高的成芽率, 具有强的器官再生能力。在2,4-D 与6-BA、NAA 结合的培养基上, 叶柄和叶片有较高的愈伤组织诱导率, 在含6-BA 的培养基上也易于分化。叶柄、叶片再生的芽和经愈伤组织分化而得来的芽快速繁殖后, 在生根培养基上形成完整植株。研究表明铺散诸葛菜具有极强的器官分化能力。     

水肥调控对二月兰和后茬花生养分累积及土壤肥力的影响

摘 要：田间试验条件下，研究不同水肥处理对二月兰生长，及其翻压后后茬花生产量和养分累积的变化。结果表明，灌溉和施肥可显著促进二月兰生长。在绿肥季，不论施肥与否，灌溉处理均可显著提高二月兰的生物量和N、P、K养分含量， NPW（绿肥季施氮磷肥和灌溉）和CKW处理（绿肥季不施肥，只进行灌溉处理）的二月兰生物量和N、P、K养分含量分别比相应的未灌溉处理提高了66.47%和63.97%、76.95%和32.36%、88.31%和9.80%、21.71%和15.56%。二月兰翻压的养分还田量为91.04～260.23 kg/hm2，约占花生季化肥总养分的27.59%～78.86%。与冬闲处理（CF）相比，不同施肥和灌溉处理的绿肥翻压均促进了花生产量和养分累积，及土壤养分含量的提高，其中以EN处理的提升效果最明显。周年等养分条件下，花生季35.00%氮和/或42.86%磷肥料前移至绿肥季，可明显促进绿肥养分还田量的增加，后茬花生产量不同程度增加（增幅22.82%～41.18%）。综上，在适量灌溉和施肥条件下，二月兰生物量明显增加，进而促进后茬花生产量增加及养分累积。研究结果可为我国绿肥农田应用及化肥减施提供数据支撑和实践依据。     

重金属镉胁迫对蜀葵、二月蓝种子萌发和幼苗生长的毒害效应研究

重金属镉是环境中最普遍和危害性较强的重金属,其首先会对植物种子萌发和幼苗生长产生伤害.以镉为试验胁迫因子,采用发芽试验研究重金属镉对蜀葵、二月蓝种子萌芽及幼苗生长的毒害效应.结果表明:镉处理液对蜀葵种子发芽率、发芽势无影响,但高浓度镉处理液却显著降低二月蓝种子的发芽率和发芽势.低浓度镉对蜀葵、二月蓝种子发芽指数、活力指数和幼苗长度没有影响,随镉浓度的升高,蜀葵、二月蓝种子发芽指数、活力指数和幼苗长度都显著降低,具有明显的浓度效应.高浓度镉对蜀葵、二月蓝萌发后幼苗形态建成有明显的抑制柞用.镉对二月蓝种子萌发的毒害较蜀葵严重.     

二月兰访花昆虫种类及其访花行为1）

为了解南京地区早春植物二月兰（ Orychophragmus violaceus）的访花昆虫种类及其行为特点,采用捕捉、鉴定、视频、图像采集等方法,对二月兰访花昆虫的种类、访花行为进行了调查研究。结果表明：二月兰的访花昆虫有23种,分别隶属5目、13科,其中东方蜜蜂（ Apis cerana）、黄胸木蜂（ Xly ocopa appendiculata）、长木蜂（ Biluna tranquabarorum）、赤足木蜂（Xylocopa rufipes）、黑颚条蜂（Anthophora mle anognatha）、黑带食蚜蝇（Episyrphus baltea-tus）及暗脉菜粉蝶（ Piersi naip ）为主要访花昆虫;它们的日活动规律分为单峰型和双峰型2种;黑颚条蜂弹花频率最高,东方蜜蜂的弹花频率最低;黄胸木蜂、长木蜂以及赤足木蜂在开花盛期的弹花频率高于开花末期,东方蜜蜂和黑颚条蜂在开花末期的弹花频率高于开花盛期;黑颚条蜂的每花停留时间最短,东方蜜蜂的停留时间最长。     

Rhizosphere calcareous soil P-extraction at the expense of organic carbon from root-exuded organic acids induced by phosphorus deficiency in several plant species

The amount of organic acids in root exudates rapidly increases under phosphorus (P) deficiency. Loss of carbon from root-exuded organic acids, which are derived from plant net photosynthetic products, is generally considered negligible. The present study aimed to study the characteristics of root-exuded organic acids, extraction of phosphorus (P extraction) in calcareous soil and the expression of organic carbon from root-exuded organic acids in two woody Moraceae plants (Broussonetia papyrifera L. Vent and Morus alba L.) and two herbaceous cruciferous plants (Orychophragmus violaceus L. Schulz and Brassica napus L.) under two P levels (P-normal and P-deficient). P extraction and the amount of root-exuded organic acids simultaneously and disproportionately increased in the four plant species tested under P deficiency. The maximum P-extracting capability of the four plant species was observed after 40 days of treatment. Additionally, the response of root-exuded organic acids induced by P deficiency was species-specific. B. papyrifera extracted more P in calcareous soil, and expended less organic acid for the same P-extraction than M. alba. Similarly, O. violaceus extracted more P in calcareous soil, and consumed less organic acid for the same level of P-extraction than B. napus. Root-exuded oxalic and malic acids accounted for most of the increment of P extraction in woody Moraceae plants, while root-exuded citric acid accounted for most of the increment in P extraction in herbaceous cruciferous plants. B. papyrifera and O. violaceus exhibited the strongest P-extracting capability at lower expense of organic carbon over the treatment duration in the four plant species. O. violaceus had the most rapid response of root-exuded organic acids to P deficiency, while B. napus had the slowest response. Thus, rapid response with low organic carbon cost and high efficiency of extraction on P in calcareous soil may underlie the strong adaptability of B. papyrifera and O. violaceus to a Karst environment.     

二月兰耐阴性的研究

用黑色遮阴网设置四种光强(全日照、全日照的33%、全日照的11%、全日照的3%),研究二月兰的耐阴性,结果表明:二月兰具有较典型阴生植物结构特点,其叶绿素含量随着光强降低而增加,叶绿素a/b则降低。二月兰对光照适应能力较强,全日照的3%下仍具有很高的观赏价值。但最适光照为全日照的33%。     

Cytogenetics and morphology of the pentaploid hybrid between Brassica napus and Orychophragmus violaceus and its progeny

A pentaploid hybrid plant (2n= 50, AACCO) between Brassica napus (AACC) and Orychophragmus violaceus (OO) showed matroclinous morphology and some patroclinous characters. Cloned progenies were mixoploid, consisting of various cells with 38–53 chromosomes, half of the cells with 50 chromosomes. The 50 chromosomes were mainly paired as 25 bivalents and segregated as 25:25 or 22:28; many other segregations were observed in some cells. Progenies produced by selfing had 38–47 chromosomes. Plants with 38 chromosomes were cytologically stable; in all other plants the chromosome number of individual cells varied between the genotype-specific maximum number and 38, indicating loss of chromosomes during mitosis. The mixoploid plants with 44 chromosomes mainly produced two kinds of mixoploid progenies with 44 and 41 chromosomes, respectively. All plants with 2n= 38 had the same morphology as the parental B. napus and were normal in fertility. These chromosome pairings and segregations in the pentaploid and its progeny support the hypothesis that O. violaceus is a natural polyploid species with a basic chromosome number of 3.     

诸葛菜与甘蓝型油菜的核质杂种形成机制

对甘蓝型油菜与诸葛菜的杂种的花粉母细胞的减数分裂的观察表明，染色体组分割现象在该杂种中广泛存在。对染色体组分割现象的分析表明，核质杂种的形成机制在于“染色体组分割现象”。同时还分析了“诸葛菜”核在不同质情况下的行为。     

Preliminary Studies on the Intergeneric Hybridization Between Brassica napus with OguCMS and Orychophragmus violaceus

In the cross between B. napus with OguCMS x Orychophragmus violaceus, pre-fertilizationcompatibility was observed. An intergeneric hybrid was successfully obtained by usingovary culture. The hybrid status was confirmed by cytology, morphology, fertility,isozyme and miosis analysis. The seed setting rate was 0.0072%. An amphidiploid of thehybrid was also produced by the use of chromosome-doubling method with 0.1% colchicinestreatment. Obtaining this hybrid and its amphidiploid has important theoretical andutilization value.     

微波辅助萃取诸葛菜中的总黄酮研究

采用微波辅助萃取乙醇浸提法从诸葛菜中提取黄酮类物质,对所提取的黄酮类物质进行验证,并用紫外分光光度法测定其含量。结果表明,诸葛菜中总黄酮含量为0.380 7 mg/ml,回收率为97.79%,其纯度和产率均较高。该方法采用全物理过程,无任何污染,是提取诸葛菜中黄酮类物质的有效途径。