Estimation of the spread of pathogenic mycobacteria in organic broiler farms by the polymerase chain reaction

Organic poultry breeding allows for increased exposure of birds to soil, faeces, and wildlife, which have been associated with the transmission of mycobacterial infections. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the spread of the major pathogenic mycobacteria in organically reared broilers in Greece using a diagnostic algorithm that relied on a combination of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP). Liver, spleen and gonads from 81 to 150 days old broilers were aseptically collected post-mortem. 500 broilers from a population of 35,370, reared in the 25 registered as organic farms in Greece for the 2005 were used. DNA was isolated and incorporated to PCR targeted to 16S-rRNA gene (for Mycobacterium spp.), IS6110 (for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex-MTBc), IS1245 (for Mycobacterium avium complex-MAC), IS901 (for M. avium subsp. avium-MAA) and hsp65 (for Mycobacterium genavense, by PCR-RFLP). The mean prevalence of mycobacteria detected by PCR with a 95% confidence interval was estimated to 4.4-8.8%. The relevant percentage with regard to the mycobacterial species that were included in this study was 0.17-2.03% for MAC, 2.11-3.39% for MTBc and 0.66-3.08% for mycobacteria not belonging to any of the above groups. None of the mycobacteria detected were identified as MAA or M. genavense. Considering that avian tuberculosis has been eradicated from conventional farms, the level and the pattern of positivity recorded here, indicates that our results may be associated with the specific conditions that apply to organic breeding.     

澳格利茶叶缓控释肥施用效果初报

田间对比试验表明,施用澳格利茶叶缓控释肥处理,比施用等养分俄罗斯进口复合肥处理,茶树生长量均有增加,其中树宽、新梢长和每株着新梢数的差异达到极显著或显著标准;春茶鲜叶测产,每667m^2的单产增产40．51％,达极显著水准;茶叶硒、锌和氨基酸含量增加。     

几种有机酸对恒电荷和可变电荷土壤吸附Cu2+的影响

以恒电荷土壤(黄褐土和黄棕壤)和可变电荷土壤(红壤和砖红壤)为供试材料,研究了乙酸、草酸、酒石酸和柠檬酸对土壤吸附重金属铜离子(Cu2 )的影响。结果表明,在相同酒石酸浓度下,土壤对酒石酸的吸附量依次为黄棕壤(2 1 8mmolkg-1) >红壤(15 4mmolkg-1) >砖红壤(9 5mmolkg-1) ,土壤吸附有机酸后负电荷量增加,相同条件下增幅为砖红壤>红壤>黄棕壤;无有机酸配体时,供试土壤对Cu2 的吸附量为黄褐土>黄棕壤>砖红壤>红壤;加入有机酸时,随有机酸浓度增高,土壤对Cu2 的吸附一般表现为“峰”形曲线,峰所对应的有机酸浓度因有机酸类型而异,且随土壤可变电荷性质增强而增高;土壤吸附有机酸后对Cu2 的次级吸附不同于有机酸与铜共存时的竞争吸附,且因土壤性质表现迥异。这些结果意味着在存在有机酸配体的根际环境中,恒电荷土壤与可变电荷土壤对Cu2 的吸附明显不同,并将影响重金属离子在根际的转化与有效性     

三类典型茶园昆虫和螨类群落组成和动态的差异

2002年7月～2003年7月,每1～2星期1次,对皖南麻姑山区25年生有机茶园、无公害茶园和普通茶园茶丛、茶丛上空及地表的昆虫和螨类进行了系统的调查。查得普通茶园29018个体,分属于79种41科;无公害茶园35117个体,分属于81种41科;有机茶园12727个体,分属于102种57科。查得有机茶园、无公害茶园和普通茶园中,假眼小绿叶蝉个体数及其占总个体数百分率分别为5176个和40%、14049和40%、17590和60%。蜂类、步甲类、虎甲类、瓢虫类和隐翅甲类是茶园主要天敌昆虫,这几类天敌的种数和个体数在有机茶园、无公害茶园和普通茶园中分别是40种和2620个、33种和1898个、29种和1610个。三类茶园中,3～4月、9～10月物种数较多,11月下旬～1月上中旬种数较少;4～6月个体数较大,7～8月天气炎热、个体数减少,9～10月个体数又增多较大,12月～次年1月个体数较少。普通茶园个体数波动大;无公害茶园个体数最多,由于及时监测和防治,可控制虫害大发生。有机茶园个体数最少而物种数最多。研究认为有机茶园建在山林间,植物相繁盛,生物多样性大,群落的能流路径复杂,稳定性强,涵养了自然控制潜能。     

Development Capacity of the Old -town Renewal Determined by GIS --A Case Study of Old -town Renewal in Nanyang City

Along with the process of urbanization,the old-town renewal has become the top task in the city construction.Directed by quantitative analysis of city's economy,this paper puts forward a new conception and model of development capacity for old city renewal,established land class evaluation system and AHP model to determine the land class and its evaluation factors.Restricted by the old town's eco-environment and social environment,and targeted by its economy,this paper suggests that the upper limit model of the old city's development capacity should be decided by its eco-environment volume and social environment,and the lower limit model should be determined by the market economy,thus the renewal can see the economy,society and environment proceed orderly and harmoniously.Upon the platform of ARCGIS with considering Nanyang old town renewal planning and design,this paper has drawn a digital map for old town renewal development intensity,and explores tentatively the proper development capacity under the platform of GIS.     

土地利用方式对土壤基本性质及肥力的影响

[目的]研究不同土地利用方式下土壤基本性质及肥力的差异。[方法]以山西省吕梁市离石区王家沟为试验基地,研究侧柏和碱草混交、欧李、柠条、苜蓿、油松5种土地利用类型对土壤基本性质、有机质含量、有效磷含量及碱解氮含量的影响。[结果]不同土地利用方式土壤基本性质不同;有机质含量由高到低依次为侧柏和碱草混交、柠条、欧李、油松、苜蓿用地;有效磷含量由高到低依次为侧柏和碱草混交、油松、柠条、欧李、苜蓿用地;碱解氮含量由高到低依次为侧柏和碱草混交、苜蓿、欧李、柠条、油松用地。[结论]侧柏和碱草混交最有利于改良土壤、保土保肥。     

三亚地区有机水稻生产关键技术研究

按照有机认证标准,结合三亚地区水稻栽培具体情况,从基地建设、品种选择、栽培技术、田间管理、病虫草害防治、采收与贮藏等多个关键技术点,提出了三亚地区有机水稻生产的关键技术措施,旨在为热带地区有机水稻的生产提供技术支持。     

不同水肥处理对有机基质型砂培番茄产量和品质的影响

以番茄(金鹏一号)为试材,采用简易有机基质槽培,研究不同灌水量和施肥水平对番茄产量和品质的影响。设置3个水分处理,分别是高水(95±5)%(H1)、中水(80±5)%(H2)、低水(65±5)%(H3);4个施肥处理分别是只用有机基质栽培,不追施无机化肥(T1);追施化肥,尿素1 084.665 kg/hm2,硫酸钾483.06kg/hm2(T2);尿素1 812.825 kg/hm2,硫酸钾1 115.775 kg/hm2(T3);尿素2 540.835 kg/hm2,硫酸钾1 748.505 kg/hm2(T4);采用完全随机组合,共12个处理。结果表明,在基质相对含水量相同时,番茄不同施肥处理中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及产量均以T3为最高,Vc及可溶性固形物则以T4为最高;在相同肥力情况下,番茄不同水分处理中H1的产量远远高于其他两个水分处理,但是品质却随着含水量的降低而呈现显著增高的趋势,以H3最好;综合考虑水分和肥料双因素对产量和品质影响,处理H2T3为最佳处理,其次为处理H2T4,也可以提高番茄的产量和品质。     

Distribution of phosphatase activity and various bacterial phyla in the rhizosphere of Hordeum vulgare L. depending on P availability

Despite the importance of the rhizosphere for nutrient turnover, little is known about the spatial patterns of organic phosphorus mineralization by plants and by microorganisms in the rhizosphere. Therefore, the distribution of acid and alkaline phosphatase activity and the abundance of bacteria belonging to various bacterial phyla were investigated in the rhizosphere of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as dependent on the availability of inorganic P. For this purpose, we conducted a greenhouse experiment with barley growing in inclined boxes that can be opened to the bottom side (rhizoboxes), and applied soil zymography and fluorescence-in situ-hybridization (FISH). Acid phosphatase activity was strongly associated with the root and was highest at the root tips. Due to P fertilization, acid phosphatase activity decreased in the bulk soil, and less strongly in the rhizosphere. Alkaline phosphatase activity, i.e., microbial phosphatase activity was high throughout the soil in the control treatment and was reduced due to inorganic P fertilization especially in the rhizosphere and less strongly in the bulk soil. P-fertilization slightly increased the total number of bacteria in the rhizosphere. Moreover, P-fertilization decreased the abundance of Firmicutes and increased the abundances of Beta- and Gamma-Proteobacteria. The total number of bacterial cells was significantly higher at the root surface than at the root tip and at a distance of 30 μm from the root surface. Our results show that alkaline phosphatase activity decreased more strongly in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil due to P fertilization, which might be because of greater C deficiency in the bulk soil compared to the rhizosphere. Furthermore, the results indicate a spatial separation between hotspots of acid phosphatase activity and hotspots of bacteria in the rhizosphere of H. vulgare. Taken together, our study shows that bacteria and phosphatase activity were very heterogeneously distributed in soil, and that the effects of P fertilization on phosphatase activity differed strongly between bulk soil and rhizosphere as well as between various zones of the rhizosphere.     

基于单螺杆膨胀机的发动机排气余热回收系统

针对发动机排气余热的特点,设计了有机朗肯循环(ORC)排气余热回收系统,采用单螺杆膨胀机作为动力输出装置,采用R245fa作为工质,提出了发动机排气余热利用率的概念和计算方法。结合发动机的试验数据,分析了ORC工质蒸发压力和发动机转速对ORC系统性能的影响,确定了适用于ORC系统的工质蒸发压力的最佳值。研究结果表明,当工质蒸发压力为3.0 MPa时,ORC系统能够在发动机全转速范围内正常工作,并且ORC系统的净输出功率最高可达12.1 kW,热力学第一定律效率最高可达11.27%,热力学第二定律效率最高可达25.8%,发动机排气余热利用率最高可达8.9%,发动机排气余热回收效果明显。