Characterization of Pilot Scale Processed Canadian Organic Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) Juice Pressing Residues and Phenolic-Enriched Extractives

This work examined the processing yields, physico-chemical characteristics, and bioactive properties of Canadian organic cranberry and blueberry pomace and phenolic-enriched extractives. The ethanol extracts from each berry contained three to four times the soluble solids and sugar contents compared to the pomace. The lipid content of organic cranberry pomace (4.44%), cranberry ethanol extractives (3.86%), and blueberry ethanol extractives (4.44%) were significantly lower than the lipid content of the organic blueberry pomace (5.42%). The organic blueberry pomace showed higher protein content (8.41%) than organic cranberry pomace (5.76%); however, both organic cranberry and blueberry ethanol extracts showed similarly low protein contents. Significant differences were observed in the mineral and elemental contents of both pomaces and their extractives. Total phenolics, tartaric esters, flavonols, anthocyanins, and antioxidant activities were increased by two to three times in both organic cranberry and blueberry ethanol extracts compared to their respective pomaces. The major anthocyanins detected in organic blueberry pomace and ethanol extracts were peonidin 3-glucoside, malvidin 3-galactoside, malvidin 3-glucoside, and cyanidin 3-arabinoside. Peonidin 3-galactoside, cyanidin 3-galactoside, cyanidin 3-arabinoside, and peonidin 3-arabinside were the major anthocyanins in the organic cranberry and ethanol extacts. Results indicated that cranberry and blueberry pomace could be used to develop bioactives with antioxidant activity for potential health benefit and/or bioenergy production.     

基于Fuzzy-Smith控制器的营养液pH值调控系统研究

pH值的控制是水肥一体化营养液循环控制系统的重要环节,水肥控制过程中pH值在最优控制范围内有利于根系的发育以及多数矿物质的吸收。营养液调控过程中,由于循环管路以及酸液的缓慢扩散,使得pH值调节过程存在很大的时滞,传统PID难以取得良好效果。本研究根据被控对象特点,建立了描述该过程的数学模型,设计开发了一套具有二次混肥特性的以MSP430单片机为主控的营养液pH值控制系统。由于参数自整定模糊PID不需要精确数学模型以及Smith预估可对纯滞后进行补偿的特点,开发的系统将参数自整定模糊PID控制引入Smith预估当中,既缓解了滞后时间对控制系统的影响,又对模型的不精确性进行了补偿。为了验证该算法以及系统的有效性和优越性,分别对PID、Fuzzy-Smith控制算法进行仿真测试,同时在不同灌溉量下进行性能试验。试验结果表明,在不同灌溉量下Fuzzy-Smith控制算法pH值的平均最大超调量为0.83%,营养液pH值从8.0调节为6.0的平均时间为157s,优于常规PID控制的2.55%和189s。     

肥料减施下玉米-大豆间作对作物产量和昆虫群落组成及多样性的影响

为探究肥料减施下玉米-大豆间作对作物产量和昆虫群落组成及多样性的影响,在玉米、大豆单作及二者间作下施以标准肥料750 kg/hm~2和减半肥料375 kg/hm~2,于作物生长期调查田间昆虫群落组成及多样性,并在收获期对玉米和大豆进行测产。结果表明:与单作玉米相比,间作玉米在施用标准肥料下的百株生物量、百株籽粒重和千粒重分别显著增加78.33%、85.35%和38.71%,而在施用减半肥料下则分别显著增加90.91%、135.73%和33.33%;相同种植模式下,与施用标准肥料相比,减半肥料使单作玉米百株籽粒重显著降低22.45%。与单作大豆相比,在施用标准肥料下,间作大豆的百株籽粒重和千粒重分别显著降低49.47%和11.54%,在施用减半肥料下,间作大豆的百株生物量、百株籽粒重和千粒重分别显著降低73.94%、50.51%和17.39%;相同种植模式下,与施用标准肥料相比,减半肥料使大豆在单作和间作下的百株籽粒重分别显著降低65.02%和65.73%,使间作下大豆的百株生物量和千粒重分别显著降低73.14%和17.39%。与单作相比,间作均显著降低了标准肥料和减半肥料处理下玉米和大豆害虫群落的物种数、多样性指数和均匀度指数,还显著降低了标准肥料和减半肥料处理下玉米天敌昆虫群落的物种数和优势度指数以及大豆天敌昆虫群落的物种数和均匀度指数。表明玉米-大豆间作能有效提高玉米产量,降低虫害发生,但对大豆生产不利,而间作条件下减施肥料对玉米产量的影响更小。建议在田间生产中可将夏玉米和大豆间作种植,更有利于通过生态学方法控制田间害虫发生和增加作物总体产量。     

施肥量对温室滴灌番茄干物质累积、产量及水肥利用的影响

为研究日光温室秋冬茬番茄生育时期干物质生产动态规律,探索高产高效的科学施肥模式,以标准冲施肥(含N量16%,含P_2O_5量5%,含K_2O量19%)为施肥种类,施肥量以N素为基准分为4个肥料处理水平,即F1(高肥)、F2(中肥)、F3(低肥)、F4(不追肥),分析了不同施肥量对日光温室番茄干物质累积、产量和水肥利用的影响。结果表明,番茄产量和水分利用效率(WUE)与施肥量呈"抛物线"关系,当N施量为290.6 kg/hm2(F2)时达到最高值,分别为67 776.93 kg/hm2和49.27 kg/m3,说明适量施肥可提高产量及水分利用效率。但肥料生产效率(PFP)在施肥量为(N)41.4~539.9 kg/hm2范围内呈现负指数降低趋势。植株干物质累积量表现出F2处理F1处理F3处理F4处理。果实干物质累积进程符合logistic函数轨迹,中肥处理比高肥、低肥处理提前进入快速累积期,使快速累积期持续时间比其他处理长1~8 d。全株总干物质转移量对果实贡献率为1.97%~6.96%,说明果实干物质高达90%以上依靠株体自身光合作用填充。因此,番茄结果期加强水肥的供给是必要的。     

有机蔬菜生产技术规程

从有机蔬菜的基地基本要求以及有机蔬菜的栽培管理、肥料使用和病虫草害防治技术等方面,阐述了有机蔬菜生产技术规程.     

基于单螺杆膨胀机的发动机排气余热回收系统

针对发动机排气余热的特点,设计了有机朗肯循环(ORC)排气余热回收系统,采用单螺杆膨胀机作为动力输出装置,采用R245fa作为工质,提出了发动机排气余热利用率的概念和计算方法。结合发动机的试验数据,分析了ORC工质蒸发压力和发动机转速对ORC系统性能的影响,确定了适用于ORC系统的工质蒸发压力的最佳值。研究结果表明,当工质蒸发压力为3.0 MPa时,ORC系统能够在发动机全转速范围内正常工作,并且ORC系统的净输出功率最高可达12.1 kW,热力学第一定律效率最高可达11.27%,热力学第二定律效率最高可达25.8%,发动机排气余热利用率最高可达8.9%,发动机排气余热回收效果明显。     

Influence of compost and lime on population structure and element concentrations of forest soil invertebrates

Summary We tested the effects of two organic fertilizers (composts) and lime on the soil fauna of a spruce stand. One compost was obtained from chopped wood and the other from household garbage. At the time of distribution the pH of the control plots averaged 3.2, the garbage compost had a pH of 7.5, and the wood compost of 6.2. During the experimental period the pH of the compost layers decreased. The pH of the former litter layer beneath the composts showed a steep increase after 5 months, but beneath the treatment with wood compost this effect did no persist. Liming increased the pH only slightly in the litter layer. The two types of compost, the litter layer, and lumbricids (Lumbricus rubellus) were analyzed for concentrations of essential and potentially toxic elements. The element burden was highest in the garbage compost with 7- to 11-fold concentrations of Zn, Cd, Pb, Mg, and Cu compared to the needle litter. K, Ba, and Ca were 4 times more concentrated. L. rubellus showed an increased Cu concentration after extraction from the highly contaminated sites of garbage compost. Despite the differences in Pb contamination in the needle litter and in the two compost types, all investigated individuals of L. rubellus contained similar concentrations of Pb. In contrast to Pb, Cd accumulated in this lumbricid. Seasonal fluctuations of microarthropods, their total abundance, and differences in the colonization of the compost layers were observed. Collembola abundance was significantly increased in the garbage compost plots in July 91. There were generally more Prostigmata in the control and limed plots than in the compost plots. Oribatid numbers fell under all treatments compared to the controls. Mesostigmata were identified to species level and 33 species were found in the experimental areas. Certain species, such as Arctoseius cetratus and Uropoda minima, were only found in the treated sites.     

利用方式对红壤水稳定性团聚体形成的影响

本文研究了五种利用方式对红壤水性团聚体形成的影响。结果表明，＞稳定性团聚体含量：林地＞旱地＞荒地＞茶园＞果园。水稳定性团聚体数量以及团聚的水稳定性均与有机质的含量呈正相关。红壤开垦后，有机抽分解加快或补充减少是导致团聚体稳定性下降和水稳定稳定团聚体减少的主要原因。同理，恢复和改良红壤结构性及结构稳定性的关键是增加有机质的投入。     

Moisture conservation for rainfed wheat production with alternative mulches and conservation tillage in the hills of north-west India

In the hills of north–west India, maize (Zea mays L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the dominant cropping system. However, rainfed wheat suffers from lack of optimum moisture at sowing. Field experiments were conducted for 3 years on a silty clay loam (Typic Hapludalf) to evaluate the effectiveness of mulches and conservation tillage for rainfed wheat in mitigating this problem. The treatments were ten factorial combinations of five mulch-tillage practices and two nitrogen levels (N₆₀ and N₁₂₀ kg ha⁻¹). Mulch treatments consisted of application of 10 Mg ha⁻¹ (dry weight basis), to previous standing maize, of either wild sage (Lantana camara L.) or eupatorium (Eupatorium adenophorum Sprengel) in combination with either conventional or conservation (minium) tillage prior to wheat sowing. These alternative practices were compared to the conventional farmer practice of soil tillage after harvest of maize with no mulch. The application of these weed mulches to standing maize maintained friable soil structure owing to a five fold higher mean population of earthworms underneath mulch. Mulches resulted in 0.06–0.10 m³ m⁻³ higher moisture in the seed-zone when wheat was sown compared with the conventional farmer practice of soil tillage after maize harvest. Mulch-conservation tillage treatments favourably moderated the hydro-thermal regime for growing a wheat crop. The mean root mass density under these treatments at wheat flowering was higher by 1.27–1.40 times over the conventional farmer practice during the 3 year study. Conservation tillage holds promise because it does not require elaborate tillage and may ultimately reduce animal draught in the hilly regions. Recycling available organic materials having no fodder value coupled with conservation tillage may help enrich the soil environment in the long-term. The practice also offers gainful use of these obnoxious weeds that cause great menace in grass and forest lands in the region.     

Influence of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments on soil organic matter and soil microbial properties under tropical conditions

 Soil organic matter level, mineralizable C and N, microbial biomass C and dehydrogenase, urease and alkaline phosphatase activities were studied in soils from a field experiment under a pearl millet-wheat cropping sequence receiving inorganic fertilizers and a combination of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments for the last 11 years. The amounts of soil organic matter and mineralizable C and N increased with the application of inorganic fertilizers. However, there were greater increases of these parameters when farmyard manure, wheat straw or Sesbania bispinosa green manure was applied along with inorganic fertilizers. Microbial biomass C increased from 147 mg kg^–1 soil in unfertilized soil to 423 mg kg^–1 soil in soil amended with wheat straw and inorganic fertilizers. The urease and alkaline phosphatase activities of soils increased significantly with a combination of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments. The results indicate that soil organic matter level and soil microbial activities, vital for the nutrient turnover and long-term productivity of the soil, are enhanced by use of organic amendments along with inorganic fertilizers. Received: 6 May 1998