现代分子生物学技术在植物抗病毒育种中的作用

概述了近年来利用分子生物学技术进行抗病毒育种的几种主要方法及其研究进展 ,主要内容有外壳蛋白介导的抗性、利用缺损的复制酶、干扰运动蛋白、RNA介导的抗性、卫星RNA介导的抗性、反义RNA介导的抗性、中和抗体基因等     

入侵我国几种外来杂草的化感作用及利用展望

释放化感物质抑制和排挤本地物种是外来植物成功入侵的重要机制,越来越多的研究证明了这一点.本文介绍了几种重要的入侵植物的化感现象、化感物质,讨论了入侵植物化感物质的应用,指出入侵植物化感作用研究的意义和今后的研究方向.     

石家庄市园林植物蚧壳虫种类调查初报

通过随机抽样调查的方法,采集了石家庄市为害园林植物的蚧壳虫样本,并对其种类进行了鉴定。结果表明:石家庄市为害园林植物的蚧壳虫种类主要有7科(蜡蚧科、绒蚧科、粉蚧科、盾蚧科、绵蚧科、蚧科和珠蚧科)17种,其中,草履蚧、卫矛失尖盾蚧、桑白盾蚧、白蜡囊粉蚧、紫薇绒蚧和日本龟蜡蚧等对园林植物为害相对较严重。同时,对蚧壳虫的防治技术进行了探讨,以期为石家庄市园林绿化工作中蚧壳虫的防治提供有益参考。     

A simple method for determination of ammonium in semimicro‐Kjeldahl analysis of soils and plant materials using a block digester

Abstract

A simple method for determination of ammonium in semimicro‐Kjeldahl analysis of soils and plant materials using a Tecator or Technicon 40‐tube block digester is described. It involves use of an inexpensive steam distillation apparatus that permits direct distillation of ammonium from the tubes used for Kjeldahl digestion in 40‐tube block digesters. The method is rapid and precise, and it gives results that agree closely with those obtained by the customary method of ammonium N analysis involving transfer of the Kjeldahl digest before distillation.     

植物生物力学特性在水土保持领域的研究进展与热点

[目的] 植物生物力学特性是水土保持植物措施研究的重要内容,在固土保水,阻流拦沙等方面发挥着重要作用。利用CNKI和Web of Science数据库检索植物生物力学特性相关文献,分析植物生物力学特性在水土保持研究领域的进展和未来发展趋势。[方法] 通过Citespace和VOSviewe软件对年发表论文数、热点期刊、主要研究国家、主要研究作者、关键词等进行可视化展示。[结果] 1990—2010年植物生物力学特性在水土保持领域研究的发文量较少,2010年以后,国内和国外的发文量都出现明显增长。在国际上,美国发表论文数位居首位,中国发文量位居世界第二,但研究成果的国际影响力还有待提升。国内形成了以胡夏嵩、格日乐、刘静、陈丽华为首的4大研究团队,国际上目前尚未形成权威的大型团队。[结论] 国内研究主要聚焦于沙漠植物和坡面植物生物力学特性分析,侧重于植物生物力学特性对其防风抗蚀作用的影响,国际上对坡面植物根系加筋作用、沙漠先锋植物防风抗蚀作用、水生植物的衰减波浪的作用均进行了研究,研究内容更加多元化。     

基于家族基因分析的甘蓝MLPK互作PUB蛋白的筛选

MLPK(M–位点受体激酶)是芸薹属自交不亲和正向调控关键元件,其参与自交不亲和信号传导的分子机制尚不明确,同时自交不亲和下游信号元件也有待于进一步分离。为了探索分离MLPK互作蛋白的思路和方法,构建了不含核定位信号的MLPK短截蛋白(MLPK-T),并利用酵母双杂交检测到MLPK与臂重复蛋白1(ARC1)作用,通过全基因组鉴定分别获得了96个甘蓝、101个白菜、70个琴叶拟南芥和62个拟南芥PUB蛋白,其中含有臂重复序列的PUB蛋白共为127个。通过系统进化分析,筛选到8个含臂重复序列的甘蓝BoPUB蛋白,其8个基因全部在柱头内表达,且成功利用酵母双杂交检测到MLPK与3个含臂重复序列的BoPUB蛋白Bol008579、Bol016165和Bol023511相互作用。     

苯肽胺酸对辣椒抗逆性及产量的影响

为明确植物生长调节剂苯肽胺酸对作物的生物学效应,以辣椒为供试植物,芸苔素内酯为对照药剂,研究了苯肽胺酸不同浓度处理对辣椒植株抗逆生理指标及产量的影响。结果表明:200.0 mg/L质量浓度的苯肽胺酸可显著提高辣椒植株的抗逆性,与空白对照相比,辣椒叶片中类黄酮、总酚以及游离脯氨酸含量分别提高了10.06%~21.19%、7.42%~16.95%以及8.46%~241.26%;丙二醛含量下降了28.58%~52.79%;超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性分别提高了2.31%~9.00%、4.20%~471.72%和34.98%~121.19%。200.0 mg/L的苯肽胺酸处理具有明显增产效果,与空白对照相比,产量增加了13.91%。研究表明,苯肽胺酸的生物学效应与芸苔素内酯类似,可诱导辣椒抗逆性增强,且具有一定增产效应。     

FLOODING STRESS: The Effects of Planting Pattern and Water Regime on Root Morphology,Physiology and Grain Yield of Rice

Field experiments were conducted over two growing seasons to investigate the effects of variations in water regime and planting pattern on the growth of rice plant roots and shoots and on yield. Four water regimes were evaluated with split plot design: intermittent flooding during the vegetative stage only (IF‐V); intermittent flooding extending into the reproductive stage (IF‐R); not flooded (NF); and continuously flooded (CF), interacting with three different planting patterns: single seedling per hill with wider 30 × 30 cm spacing (P1); single seedling per hill with closer 20 × 20 cm spacing (P2); and three to four seedlings per hill with 20 × 20 cm spacing (P3). The treatment combination CF/P3 corresponds most closely with current conventional practice. The other combinations were evaluated to contribute to a better understanding of the effects of the two parameters studied, respectively and together. IF‐V/P1 was considered as an approximation of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) practice. This study found that the combination of singly transplanted seedlings, both P1 and P2, with the IF‐V water regime improved root length density, root physiological activity, and chlorophyll content of the upper and lower leaves, leading to higher grain yield compared with the other treatment combinations. With continuous flooding (CF), P2 gave 23 % more yield compared with the P3 planting pattern. Combining IF‐V and P2 produced 32 % more grain yield compared with the CF/P3 treatment. These results showed a synergistic effect on grain yield from reduced intra‐hill competition and IF‐V water management. In these trials, there was no significant yield difference between the IF‐V/P1 and CF/P3 treatments. Wider spacing improved the performance of individual hills when grown under IF‐V water regimes, but tiller number per unit area remained a dominant determinant of yield. The yield reduction observed for CF/P1 compared with CF/P3 indicated that in more hypoxic CF soils, denser plant populations can produce more than sparser ones, whereas the latter benefit from more aerobic soil conditions. Intermittent irrigation during the vegetative growth stage and transplanting single seedlings/hill are major elements of SRI methodology. These findings contribute to an understanding of why SRI methods can produce the higher yields reported. A consideration of the effects of interaction between planting pattern and water regime shows the need to establish empirically the optimum values for these treatments according to varietal, soil and climatic characteristics for the greatest yield response.     

大豆缺蔸效应及在品种区域试验中应用的研究

利用一个主茎型和一个分枝型品系,研究了大豆在不同长度断条下的缺蔸效应。结果表明,分枝型大豆的缺蔸效应大于主茎型大豆,随着断条长度的增加,断条行和相邻全苗行的缺蔸效应均增大。分析了大豆品种区域试验中产生缺蔸效应值,建立了不同类型品种在不同断条方式下的断条长度与实际补偿长度的回归方程。用此方程即可对品种或其它小区试验中的缺蔸效应进行校正。     

Comparative Performance of Rice with System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and Conventional Management using Different Plant Spacings

The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) reportedly enhances the yields of rice (Oryza sativa L.) through synergy among several agronomic management practices. This study was conducted to investigate the effects on rice plant characteristics and yield by comparing the plants grown with different methods of cultivation – SRI vs. recommended management practices (RMP) focusing on the impact of different plant spacings. Performance of individual hills was significantly improved with wider spacing compared with closer‐spaced hills in terms of root growth and xylem exudation rates, leaf number and leaf sizes, canopy angle, tiller and panicle number, panicle length and grain number per panicle, grain filling and 1000‐grain weight and straw weight, irrespective of whether SRI or RMP was employed. Both sets of practices gave their highest grain yield with the spacing of 20 × 20 cm; however, SRI yielded 40 % more than the recommended practice. At this spacing, canopies also had the highest leaf area index (LAI) and light interception during flowering stage. The lowest yield was recorded at 30 × 30 cm spacing under both the practices, as a result of less plant population (11 m^?2), despite improved hill performance. During the ripening stage, hills with wider spacing had larger root dry weight, produced greater xylem exudates, and transported these towards shoot at faster rates. These features contributed to the maintenance of higher chlorophyll levels, enhanced fluorescence and photosynthesis rates of leaves and supported more favourable yield attributes and grain yield in individual hills than in closely‐spaced plants. Moreover, these parameters further improved in SRI, apart from the enhanced percentage of effective tillers and showed substantial and positive impacts on grain yield (17 %) compared with recommended practice. In conclusion, wide spacing beyond optimum plant density, however, does not give higher grain yield on an area basis and for achieving this, a combination of improved hills with optimum plant population must be worked out for SRI.