Apparent zinc absorption and zinc status of weanling rats fed moderately zinc‐deficient diets enriched with beef tallow or sunflower oil

The aim of the study was to compare apparent Zn absorption and Zn status of weanling rats fed diets that differed in Zn level, fat level and fat source. Semi‐synthetic diets, which were about isoenergetic and contained 3% soyabean oil, were supplemented with 7 or 100 mg Zn/kg to create a mild Zn deficiency (LZ) or a high Zn supply (HZ) and with 0 (LF), 22% beef tallow (BT) or 22% sunflower oil (SF) according to a 2 × 3 factorial design of treatments. They were fed ad libitum to 6 × 8 rats for 28 days. Energy intake and growth rates were comparable among the HZ groups. Weight gains in the LZ‐LF, LZ‐BT and LZ‐SF groups averaged 5.54, 4.95 and 4.15 g/day, and apparent Zn absorption averaged 79.4, 60.3 and 48.0 μg Zn/day, respectively, whereas faecal Zn excretion was comparable among these groups. Apparent Zn absorption, and plasma and femur Zn concentrations were lower in the high‐fat groups than in the LF group, possibly due to the high cellulose content of the BT and SF diets. Plasma Zn concentrations were higher in the animals fed the BT‐based than in the SF‐based diets, whereas femur and soft tissue Zn concentrations were comparable among these groups. The differences between the LZ‐BT and LZ‐SF groups in growth rate, Zn absorption rate and Zn status were confirmed in a second experiment. The results indicate that moderately Zn‐deficient diets enriched with SF in relation to BT affect Zn metabolism of weanling rats by a yet unknown mechanism.     

蜂箱大盖日光热源对蜂群繁殖及产蜜量影响的研究

油毡纸作为蜂箱大盖防雨层已被广泛应用于养蜂生产中，虽然解决了蜂箱防雨问题，但也在很大程度上降低了养蜂生产效率。本研究经过多年的蜂场实地测试，发现在夏季最高气温37℃天气里，10～14时，1组油毡纸大盖上面温度为60．5℃～63℃；2组油毡纸上遮草帘大盖上温度为34．7℃～37．5℃；3组木板大盖上温度为52℃～57℃。尽管各部位温度差异较大，但子脾间温度差异很小。l组蜂群的有效产卵量和群势、产蜜量均低于2、3组，饲料消耗量高于2、3组。由此表明油毡纸蜂箱大盖吸收日光热源对蜂群繁殖效率及产蜜量具有明显的影响。     

Effects of toxic and non‐toxic blue mussel meal on health and product quality of laying hens

Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) are a potential protein source in poultry feeds because of their high methionine and cystein content. However, mussels may temporarily be contaminated with the toxin, okadaic acid. The aim of this small scale study was to evaluate the effects on animal health and morphology of the digestive tract of laying hens fed three different diets; a commercial feed and diets containing 15% normal or 15% toxic mussel meal, i.e. a concentration of 198.6 μg toxin per kg feed. Twelve laying hens were divided into six groups and fed the experimental diets for 8 weeks. Animal health, production performance and egg quality were recorded. At sacrifice, tissue samples were prepared for histological evaluation using light microscopy. Okadaic acid did not have any adverse effects on animal health or production parameters and no histological changes indicating disturbances in the digestive tract was observed. Internal egg quality was improved as eggs from hens fed either of the two mussel meal diets had an increased yolk colour. These results show that mussel meal functions as a novel protein source for laying hens and those toxic mussels at this level may be included in the feed without negative effects on parameters evaluated in this study.     

草地对全球气候变化的响应及其碳汇潜势研究

 本研究用综合顺序分类法（ＣＳＣＳ）分析了１９５０－２０００年和２００１－２０５０年期间的草原类型演替及碳汇动态。证明中国草地的碳汇主体依次是冻原和高山草地、温带湿润草地、斯泰普草地和半荒漠草地大类,占中国潜在草地总面积的８５．５２％,年碳汇潜力占中国潜在草地年碳汇潜力的９３．２９％。全球草地的碳汇主体是萨王纳、冻原和高山草地大类,两者的面积和占全球潜在草地总面积的４８．５０％,年碳汇潜力占全球潜在草地年碳汇潜力的７２．２２％。在全球气候暖干化的强（Ａ２ａ）、弱（Ｂ２ａ）情景下,与当前（１９５０－２０００年）情景相比,中国将呈现草地面积减少,林地面积增加的态势;与中国的趋势相反,全球将呈现草地面积增加,林地面积减少的态势。在全球暖干化的Ａ２ａ和Ｂ２ａ模式下,草地年碳汇潜力,中国将分别提升１４．６％和１８．５％,全球将分别提升１７．３％ 和１６．８％。但两者的增长方式不同,全球是以温带湿润草地大类年碳汇潜力大幅增加为特征,而中国是以负增长为特征。我国的暖干化趋势在草地年碳汇潜力上的反映较之全球更强烈。尽管造成全球气候暖干化的自然因素远非人力所能控制,但系统问题只能靠系统综合的办法治理。这是草地工作者当前的使命。     

沙打旺黄萎病病原学研究Ⅱ病原菌生长与温度、酸碱度和营养的关系

沙打旺黄萎病菌（Ｖｅｒｔｉｃｉｌｉｕｍｄａｈｌｉａｅ，营养体亲和群ＶＣＧ２Ｂ）在５～３０℃均能生长，适温２０～２５℃，在３５℃时不能生长。在ｐＨ值４～１０范围内都能生长，２５℃时最适ｐＨ值为５．０～９．０。该菌利用可溶性淀粉、葡萄糖、蔗糖、乳糖、麦芽糖或甘油作碳源时均能正常生长，并生成微菌核，利用硝酸钾、尿素、甘氨酸作氮源时生长较快，以蛋白胨作氮源时，生长较慢，且不能生成微菌核     

黄河源区藏嵩草沼泽化草甸地上生物量及营养季节动态研究

采用野外调查和室内分析方法,对黄河源区广泛分布的藏嵩草Kobresia tibetica沼泽化草甸在禁牧封育和自由放牧利用状态下的草地地上生物量和营养的季节动态进行分析。结果表明：禁牧封育草甸和放牧草甸从8月-翌年4月地上生物量均呈下降趋势,其自然损失率分别为46.2%和49.6%。封育草甸的生产力1-4月、4-5月的自然损失率分别为5.1%和5.9%;草甸进入放牧利用后,放牧草甸牧草相对于封育草甸牧草的实际利用量约占4月草地地上现存量的48.4%,约占8月草地地上生物量的24.4%。放牧草甸牧草营养成分从8月到翌年1月粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量降低,粗纤维含量增加。该草甸在夏季属“氮碳”（NC）营养型,在冬季属“碳”（C）营养型。     

不同地区取样点土壤中木质素降解优势菌株的筛选及生长特性比较

本试验旨在研究基于不同地区取样点土壤成分条件下,木质素降解菌的生长特性,并为筛选出降解农作物秸秆中木质素的优势菌奠定基础.通过对扬州、南京、临沂、潍坊和连云港地区5个取样点的土壤成分测定,并利用选择培养基和马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)-RB亮蓝与PDA-Bavendamm平板显色反应鉴定不同土壤中木质素降解菌生长量及其木质素降解酶特性,依据各取样点菌株的生长特性最终选择优势菌株.结果表明,扬州取样点土壤中木质素降解菌密度[(5.67±0.58) 105g-1]极显著高于另外4个取样点(P＜0.01),所获得的木质素降解菌的产酶特性亦优于其他取样点.可知,5个取样点土壤中木质素降解菌密度存在明显差异,并与土壤中总有机碳含量呈强正相关(r=0.84,P＜0.01).     

基于CiteSpace的草原碳汇研究的知识图谱分析

为全面深入了解草原碳汇相关研究在全球的现状和发展趋势,客观反映相关研究国家、机构、期刊、研究者的科研动向和影响力,采用Web of Science核心合集数据库中2010-2019年收录的有关草原碳汇研究的相关文献,基于CiteSpace软件进行可视化分析。结果表明:关于草原碳汇全球发文量,中国居榜首,美国和德国其次,国际合作方面,英国贡献最大,其他国家需加强合作和成果分享。发文量最多的机构为中国科学院,远超其他机构。《Global Change Biology》期刊在被引次数方面优势明显,在学术界有较大影响力。国外学者Butterbach-Bahl K发表相关文献数量最多,为领域作出较大贡献,其他作者之间合作强度还需加强。综合分析热点和前沿,提出了需加强对草原碳平衡的综合评估,丰富研究方法,扩大研究内容。     

畜牧业对江河源区生态环境演变的影响机理研究

草地畜牧业是江河源区主要的生产方式,也是人类生产活动影响这一地区生态环境演变的主要方式,在系统回顾和总结江河源区畜牧业经济发展的历史过程的基础上,提出畜牧业对环境的作用主要取决于游牧空间、畜群数量、畜群结构、草地的自我恢复能力,建立江河源区草地畜牧业对其生态环境演变作用的机理模型,利用该模型对畜牧业发展过程中出现的游牧和固定放牧2种模式对区域生态环境的演变进行了定性分析.