Processing of maize germ oil cake into edible food grade meal and evaluation of its protein quality

The commercial oil cake produced during expeller pressing of maize germ, was extracted with n-hexane and 80 percent ethanol followed by seiving to remove undesirable materials. In defatted maize germ oil cake (DMGOC): protein, starch, fat, crude fiber (CF) and ash were respectively 24.69, 36.55, 5.68, 7.56 and 3.90 percent and they decrease after processing except ash, which increased slightly. It contains better quality protein having only 3 percent zein and 47 percent albumin. Its amino acids like lysine and tryptophan and biological value (BV) were higher than that of whole maize grain, and was comparable with that of the amino acid requirement of preschool children and casein diets both. Its digestible energy (DE) was lower compared with whole maize grain as well as the casein diets. After processing albumin, globulin and zein decreased whereas glutelin and the residual fraction increased. Not much differences were observed in chemical composition and different amino acids, in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), true digestibility (TD), BV and DE improved after processing.     

Growth and economic analysis of freshwater prawn,Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man), produced with feeds substituting sunflower cake for fish meal,soya bean meal and mustard oil cake

A feeding trial with Macrobrachium rosenbergii was carried out to test the effectiveness of sunflower cake (SFC) as a replacement for conventional protein sources. Four isonitrogenous (~30% crude protein) and isocaloric (388–402 kcal) diets were formulated. Diet‐1 was a control made with conventional ingredients including fish meal, soya bean meal and mustard oil cake. Diet‐2, Diet‐3 and Diet‐4 were made with 30%, 40% and 50% SFC, respectively, replacing the usual protein sources used in Diet‐1. After 100 days, diets with SFC inclusion showed favourable growth and economic performance trends compared to control diet‐1, but without significant differences (p > .05). Better production (572.89 ± 62.99 kg/ha) was observed with Diet‐4 followed by Diet‐2, Diet‐3 and Diet‐1. Diet‐4 revealed the best feed conversion ratio (2.56 ± 0.24), specific growth rate (1.18 ± 0.05) and protein efficiency ratio (1.14 ± 0.10) among these diets. Whole carcass composition analysis revealed highest crude protein (18.19%) and lipid (4.43%) content in prawns fed Diet‐3 followed by Diet‐4. Highest total income, gross margin and benefit cost ratio (BCR) per hectare from prawns were US$5,759, US$2,623 and 1.84, respectively, found in Diet‐4. This study demonstrates that 30%–50% inclusion of SFC has favourable impacts on productivity and profitability compared with controls, with 50% SFC inclusion as the most cost‐effective diet for prawns without apparent compromise in growth, flesh quality or economics. The performances of the diets suggest that SFC may be a suitable substitute for fishmeal, soya bean meal and mustard oil cake in prawn feed. The effectiveness of higher SFC concentrations should also be investigated.     

红枣枣泥蛋糕加工工艺研究

采用正交试验的方法,对红枣枣泥蛋糕的配方和生产工艺进行研究。试验结果表明：红枣枣泥蛋糕的最佳工艺参数为上火温度160℃、下火温度190℃、时间19min;最佳配方为枣泥150g、面粉350g、泡打粉8g、白砂糖180g、水150mL。     

Yield and olive oil characteristics of a low-density orchard (cv. Cordovil) subjected to different irrigation regimes

The impact of different irrigation scheduling regimes on the quantity and quality of olive oil from a low-density olive grove in southern Portugal was assessed during the irrigation seasons of 2006 and 2007. Olive trees were subjected to one of the following treatments: A—full irrigation; B—sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) with 60% of ETc water applied with irrigation; C—regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) with irrigation water applied at three critical phases: before flowering, at the beginning of pit hardening and before crop harvesting and D—rain-fed treatment. Olive oil yield was significantly higher than rain-fed conditions in 2006, an “on year” of significant rainfall during summer. No significant yield differences were observed in the following “off year”. Among the irrigated treatments, olive oil production of treatment B was 32.5% and 40.1% higher in 2006 and 2007, respectively than the fully irrigated treatment A, despite receiving 49% less irrigation water. Such strategy could allow for an efficient use of water in the region, of very limited available resources, and for modest but important oil yield increase. Nonetheless, on the “on year” of 2006 treatment C used 13.9% of the water applied to treatment B and produced only 23.9% less olive fruits which could also make it illegible as the next possible strategy to use for irrigating olive trees in the region, provided that water is secured latter in the summer, a period of vital importance for oil accumulation and very sensitive to water stress as the poor results of 2007 revealed. The different treatment water regimes did not impact on the chemical characteristics of olive oils that were within the set threshold limits. Similarly, the sensory characteristics of the olive oils as well as bitterness and pungency were negligible for all treatments allowing them to be assessed as of “superior quality”.Overall, irrigation treatments had no influence on the commercial value of produced oils, being all classified as “extra virgin”. Such funding may be of vital importance to farmers willing to further their irrigation area, save water and still retain the protected designation of origin (PDO) seal of quality for their oil.     

D-最优混料法优化木糖醇牛肝菌核桃戚风蛋糕配方

为探究木糖醇牛肝菌核桃戚风蛋糕的最优配方,以感官评分为评价指标,通过单因素试验,筛选牛肝菌粉、木糖醇、牛奶及蛋糕表面核桃颗粒的最适添加量;使用D-最优混料法优化牛肝菌粉、木糖醇、牛奶的最佳配比。结果表明,蛋糕最优配方为：牛肝菌粉3.94 g,木糖醇15.55 g,牛奶16.01 g,蛋清70 g,蛋黄35 g,低筋面粉12 g,玉米淀粉6 g,食用油13 g,蛋糕表面添加核桃颗粒0.3 g。蛋糕烘烤条件为：上下火均为130 ℃,时间30 min。使用该配方和工艺制作的木糖醇牛肝菌核桃戚风蛋糕菌香浓郁、松软可口,为适合各年龄段人群食用的休闲食品。     

以豆饼为原料酶解制备大豆多肽分散条件的研究

以功能性大豆多肽饮料的研制为目标,探讨了以豆饼为原料酶解制备大豆多肽过程中的酶解条件。在80℃下分散10min,选用Protease M“Amano”G酶,在50℃下水解8h,经过对pH值和豆饼的分散浓度进行优选,确定了在pH值为8、分散浓度为15％的条件下,水解程度达到65．21％又不产生苦味,制备的饮料具有良好的口感和风味。     

陇南不同种植区油橄榄果实生长期的经济性状比较

为研究陇南市不同种植地对不同品种油橄榄果实生长的影响,对陇南市武都区种植的莱星、鄂植8号、奇迹、皮削利等4个油橄榄品种,分别在其果实生长的受精和坐果期、种子生长期、果核变硬期、中果皮形成期和果实成熟期比较判断果实表型性状,分析果实生长期间含水率和含油率的变化,以探明不同油橄榄品种的适宜栽培区,为优化陇南地区油橄榄种植资源配置提供支持。结果表明,在陇南市武都区锦屏村和稻畦村种植的不同品种油橄榄果实外观均呈长圆形,且锦屏村种植的莱星油橄榄果实百粒鲜质量和含油率均高于稻畦村,中果皮形成期百粒鲜质量和含油率分别高于稻畦村34.82%和72.53%。稻畦村种植的鄂植8号油橄榄果实百粒鲜质量在果实生长前期低于锦屏村,生长后期则高于锦屏村,中果皮形成期稻畦村油橄榄果实百粒鲜质量高于锦屏村26.00%。锦屏村种植的鄂植8号油橄榄果实含油率均高于稻畦村,果实成熟期含油率高于稻畦村84.48%。锦屏村种植的奇迹油橄榄果实百粒鲜质量和含油率均高于稻畦村,果核变硬期百粒鲜质量高于稻畦村36.00%,果实成熟期的含油率高于稻畦村53.71%。锦屏村种植的皮削利油橄榄果实含油率高于稻畦村,中果皮形成期的含油率高于稻畦村76.13%。由此可知,锦屏村种植的油橄榄莱星、奇迹均优于稻畦村,且果实用途偏向于油用,油橄榄鄂植8号和皮削利作为油果兼用型果实,在锦屏村和稻畦村均可种植。且生长良好。     

Effect of neem cake on persistence of diazinon and endosulfan in paddy soil

Experiments were carried out to study the influence of two types of neem cake (solvent-extracted, NC-I and expeller-extracted, NC-II) on the persistence in soil of diazinon and endosulfan applied as commercial formulations. It was found that both types of neem cake applied at 10, 20 or 30 g ha^-1 prolonged the period of degradation as compared with soils without neem cake amendment, and hence increased the persistence of the insecticides. There was little difference in the effect of the two types of neem cake. Treatment of the soil with insecticide 10 days after amendment with neem cake did not lead to any increase in persistence; for a good response, treatment of soil with insecticide and with neem cake must be done at the same time. © 1998 SCI.     

施用不同量菜籽饼肥对降低烟叶重金属含量的效果研究

[目的]找出控制烟叶重金属含量的有效方法.[方法]在烤烟种植过程中进行大田试验,施用不同量的菜籽饼肥,探讨其对降低烟叶重金属含量的影响.[结果]施用不同量的菜籽饼肥作为基肥,对于降低烤烟重金属含量具有积极效应,其中施用量占总施肥量30％的处理,与对照相比具有显著性效果.[结论]该研究对于烟叶安全性的提升有积极效应,对于通过改善施肥方式、施肥种类等来提升烟叶安全性,以及对肥料的选择和前期处理提供了一定的科学指导,在实际生产中具有十分重要的意义.     

Bradford-reactive soil proteins and aggregate stability under abandoned versus tilled olive groves in a semi-arid calcisol

Glomalin, a substance produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, is reported to play a role in soil aggregation, but this role has been questioned in soils rich in calcium carbonate. We studied the relationship between aggregation stability and glomalin in a Haplic Calcisol comparing abandoned and active cultivation of olive groves. Abandonment was associated with increases in soil organic carbon, the percentage of water stable aggregates (WSA_1-2mm), and easily extractable and total Bradford-reactive soil protein. WSA_1-2mm was strongly positively correlated with both easily extractable and total Bradford-reactive soil protein. While easily extractable Bradford-reactive soil protein measured in both stable and unstable aggregates did not show any significant differences, Bradford-reactive soil protein was twice as high in stable than in unstable aggregates under both tillage and abandonment. Our results suggest that Bradford-reactive soil protein influences aggregate stability, even in soils with low organic matter and high calcium carbonate contents. However, more research is needed to elucidate the role of easily extractable Bradford-reactive soil protein in soil aggregation.