饼肥与无机氮肥配施对水稻根系形态生理和产量的影响

以扬稻6号(籼稻)和扬辐粳8号(粳稻)为材料,设置4个处理:(T1)不施氮肥;(T2)施用无机氮;(T3)施用饼肥;(T4)饼肥与无机氮肥配施.研究饼肥与无机氮肥配施对水稻根系形态生理和产量形成的影响.结果表明:各处理的产量表现为饼肥与无机氮肥配施(T4)＞施用无机氮(T2)＞施用饼肥(T3)＞不施氮肥(T1),4个处理间差异显著.饼肥与无机氮肥配施(T4)显著增加了穗数、结实率、千粒重和收获指数.饼肥与无机氮肥配施(T4)显著提高了抽穗期有效叶面积和高效叶面积、灌浆期叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率以及各主要生育时期的根干重、根长、根系氧化力、根系伤流量、根系总吸收表面积和活跃吸收表面积.表明饼肥与无机氮肥配施可以促进根部生长,进而促进地上部生长并提高产量.     

Influence of the Site of Cultivation on Chétoui Olive (Olea europaea L.) Oil Quality

Abstract

A comparative study was conducted to evaluate the effect of location on the chemical composition and quality of monovarietal virgin olive oils obtained from the Chétoui cultivar in relation to the fruit ripening stages. Three sites representative of two Tunisian olive growing regions were examined, Selten (region I (RI): original site of plantation of Chétoui variety in the north of the country), Ousletia and Jelma (region II (RII): in the central part of the country away from the original plantation site). In this study, Chétoui olive cultivar was found to have different responses to environmental conditions. Chétoui olive oils showed lower values in phenol and o-diphenol contents and were less stable to oxidation (weaker oxidative stability and antioxidant activity levels) when the olive trees were cultivated away from the original plantation site. These Chétoui olive oils are also characterized by decreased oil content and higher values of quality parameters such as free acidity, peroxide value and UV absorbance due probably to the drought during the flowering and olive ripening periods. Furthermore, many analytical parameters, i.e., chlorophyll pigments, carotenoids, oleic acid contents, total phenol and o-diphenol amounts, oxidative stability, antioxidative capacity and quality parameters showed nearly the same changes during fruit ripening but in different degrees depending on the site of the plantation.     

南瓜蜂蜜发酵蛋糕的研究与开发

将发酵的方法应用于人们日常生活普遍食用的蛋糕中,同时添加南瓜泥和蜂蜜,研究开发一种新型南瓜蜂蜜发酵蛋糕,使蛋糕进一步向营养型转化,并具有一定的风味和保健功效,以增加蛋糕的花色品种,从而促进消费。     

南瓜发酵蛋糕的研制

以蛋糕粉为主要原料,添加南瓜粉,研制一种南瓜发酵蛋糕。选择南瓜粉、鸡蛋液、干酵母、糖浆为考察因素,通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定南瓜发酵蛋糕的最佳配方为南瓜粉19%、鸡蛋液56%、干酵母3%、糖浆25%。     

不同浓度生根液对油橄榄扦插生根情况的影响

将佛奥和鄂植两个品种油橄榄扦插条放入生根液浓度分别为0mg·L^-1、100pmm、200mg·L^-1、300mg·L^-1、400mg·L^-1的生根液激素中浸泡,进行油橄榄扦插条生根率的研究。结果表明,没有生根液浸泡的插穗虽有少量的产生愈伤组织,但几乎不会生根;佛奥在0mg·L^-1、100mg·L^-1、200mg·L^-1、300mg·L^-1、400mg·L^-1浓度生根液浸泡下的生根率分别为3%、37%、42%、76%、63%;鄂植在0mg·L^-1、100mg·L^-1、200mg·L^-1、300mg·L^-1、400mg·L^-1浓度生根液浸泡下的生根率分别为2%、21.25%、40.5%、70.25%、53.13%;由此可以得出,油橄榄扦插浸泡生根液激素的最适浓度为300mg·L^-1。     

A study of spatial variability of soil loss with high resolution DEMs: A case study of a sloping olive grove in southern Spain

Land degradation worldwide over several centuries has become a serious problem. This phenomenon has been accentuated in agricultural areas, where the amount of topsoil loss creates a gradual loss of farmland productivity. Ploughing is responsible for tillage erosion which causes more soil movement than natural soil creepage. In fact sediment transport is more rapid using heavy machinery than with primitive ploughs. The main aim of our research is to monitor, in detail, the sediment deposition phenomenon of eroded soil. Here the role of high resolution DEMs is essential. We develop a DEM generated from field measurements taken by GPS. The high spatial density of these measurements allows us to generate DEMs of high resolution: cell sizes of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 m. Three zones of different area are used in order to analyse the scale effects. In this study we assess precise models that represent a soil redistribution phenomenon.     

Suitability of enzyme activities for the monitoring of soil quality improvement in organic agricultural systems

There is growing interest in the applications of soil enzymes as early indicators of soil quality change under contrasting agricultural management practices. However, despite there being an abundant literature on this subject, most comparative assessments have been based on a limited number of experimental farms and, therefore, conclusions are not as robust as desired. In this study, we compare 18 pairs of organic and neighbouring conventional olive orchards in southern Spain. These sites were selected to allow the definition of the relative contributions of site-landscape features, soil type, and time since organic accreditation and tillage intensity, on the soil quality. Soils were analysed for physico-chemical properties, the activities of dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, arylsulphatase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, and potential nitrification. The geometric mean of the assayed enzymes (GMea) was validated with an independently performed Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and used as a combined soil quality index. The effects of tillage intensity and time since organic accreditation on the improvement of soil quality were also evaluated within the subset of organic farms. Overall for the 18 sites, contrasted management practices did not differ in their impact on basic soil physico-chemical properties, except for loss of on ignition and available inorganic N which were higher and lower in organic farms, respectively. Organic management resulted in significantly higher soil enzyme activities. However, differences were not significant in some of the paired comparisons when considered individually. This highlights the need for extensive comparative assessment, as in this study, to draw clear conclusions concerning the changes to soil quality under sustainable management practices. The GMea was significantly correlated with the first axis of the PCA and shown to be appropriate for condensing the set of soil enzyme values to a sole numerical value. Soil quality changes in organic versus conventional farms, as measured by the GMea, ranged from −23% to 97%, and was highly dependent on time since organic accreditation (r = 0.88; P < 0.01). On the other hand, tillage intensity clearly tended to delay any progress in soil quality in the organic farms.     

微生物发酵在菜籽饼粕饲用品质改良中的应用研究进展

随着畜牧业的快速发展、优质饲料原料的严重不足以及国际进口贸易形势的日益紧张,开发非常规饲料资源的需求愈发迫切。菜籽饼粕是我国第一大油料作物油菜的加工副产物,饲用价值不高严重制约了在饲料工业中的应用。微生物发酵技术具有改良菜籽饼粕品质和提高畜禽生产性能的优势。本文综述了微生物发酵改良菜籽饼粕饲用价值的机理、影响因素以及微生物发酵菜籽饼粕饲料在畜禽生产中的应用,讨论了目前微生物发酵菜籽饼粕生产中存在的问题,展望了未来微生物发酵菜籽饼粕饲料的发展方向。     

Influence of storage time and processing on chemical composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation of olive cake

Olive oil extraction generates olive cake (OC) that could be used in ruminant feeding. However, the chemical composition of OC is affected by multiple factors, being therefore highly variable. The objective of this study was to analyse the influence of storage time and further processing: crude, exhausted (subjected to a second oil extraction) and cyclone (obtained from a cyclone separator) on nutritive value of OC samples. Twelve samples (six crude and six exhausted) were obtained monthly from the same pond from 1 to 6 storage months, and nine samples (three crude, three exhausted and three cyclone) were obtained monthly from a different pond from 6 to 9 months storage. Chemical composition was analysed, and OC samples were fermented in vitro with sheep rumen fluid. Increasing storage time up to 6 months decreased sugars and total soluble polyphenols content but increased fibre content in OC. Dry matter effective degradability (DMED) decreased linearly (p < 0.001) by 35.9 and 45.5% as storage time augmented from 1 to 6 months for crude and exhausted OC, respectively. Crude OC had lower DMED values than exhausted OC (averaged values 0.255 and 0.294 g/g, respectively). Both potential production and rate of gas production were lower (p ≤ 0.018) in crude compared with exhausted OC, which was attributed to the high fat content of crude OC (≥86 g/kg dry matter). For samples stored longer than 6 months, cyclone had greater (p < 0.05) DMED than crude and exhausted OC (averaged values 0.207, 0.164 and 0.164 g/g, respectively). The results indicate that ruminal degradability of OC is reduced with advancing storage time, but only subtle changes were observed during the first two months. Cyclone showed greater degradability than crude and exhausted OC, but differences between crude and exhausted OC became negligible after five storage months.     

桐籽饼去毒作饲料的研究

文章报导了将经去毒处理的桐饼粉,按不同比例添加于饲料中喂养肉鸡、蛋鸡、生长肥育猪,经筛选、小试、中试等规模试验的情况。结果表明：我国现行榨油工艺的机榨桐饼,经去毒处理后,可按10％比例加入肉鸡饲料,按5％比例加入蛋鸡饲料。按5％～7．5％加入肥育猪饲料中;各项生产性能及病理变化均与对照无明显差异．有的还优于对照,文章报导的去毒方法,较发酵法和化学处理法操作工艺简单,成本低,效果好．