Initial results from long-term field studies at three sites on the effects of heavy metal-amended liquid sludges on soil microbial activity

In a long‐term study of the effects on soil fertility and microbial activity of heavy metals contained in sewage sludges, metal‐amended liquid sludges each with elevated Zn, Cu or Cd concentrations were applied over a 3‐year period (1995–1997) to three sites in England. The experiments were sited adjacent to experimental plots receiving metal‐rich sludge cakes enabling comparisons to be made between the effects of heavy metal additions in metal‐amended liquid sludges and sludge cakes. The liquid sludge additions were regarded as ‘worst case’ treatments in terms of likely metal availability, akin to a long‐term situation following sewage sludge additions where organic matter levels had declined and stabilised. The aim was to establish individual Zn (50–425 mg kg^?1), Cu (15–195 mg kg^?1) and Cd (0.3–4.0 mg kg^?1) metal dose–response treatments at each site, but with significantly smaller levels of organic matter addition than the corresponding sludge cake experiments. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in soil respiration rates, biomass carbon concentrations or most probable numbers of clover Rhizobium between the treatments at any of the sites at the end of the liquid sludge application programme. Soil heavy metal extractability differed between the metal‐amended liquid sludge and metal‐rich sludge cake treatments; Zn and Cd extractabilities were higher from the liquid sludge additions, whereas Cu extractability was higher from the sludge cake application. These differences in metal extractability in the treated soil samples reflected the contrasting NH₄NO₃ extractable metal contents of the metal‐amended liquid sludges and sludge cakes that were originally applied.     

Interactive responses to water deficits and crop load in olive (Olea europaea L., cv. Morisca). II: Water use, fruit and oil yield

To understand the relations between water use and yield in response to crop load, two experiments were conducted in olive (cv. Morisca), during six consecutive years (2002-2007) in an experimental orchard located in Badajoz, Southwest Spain. Experiment 1, assessed the responses during the early years of the orchard (2002-2004) using four irrigation treatments that applied fractions of the estimated crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) (125%, 100%, 75% and 0%) and three crop load levels (100%, 50% and 0% of fruit removal, termed Off, Medium and On treatments). Experiment 2 assessed the response of more mature trees (2005-2007) to three irrigation treatments (115%, 100%, and 60% of ET_c) and the natural crop load which were Off, On, and Medium in 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively. Yield was reduced by water deficits and so did the estimated tree transpiration which was linearly related to yield (y = 1.2302x − 21.15, R² = 0.8864), showing the high sensitivity of cultivar Morisca to water deficits. The relations between fruit number and fruit weight showed that high crop loads had lower fruit weights and oil yield, a decrease that was more pronounced as water deficits increased. The yield response to water supply in the control and excess treatments, and the observations on the water relations of these two treatments suggest that the calculations made using the FAO method (Doorenbos and Pruit, 1974) with the crop coefficient proposed by Pastor et al. (1998) and the reduction coefficient (Fereres et al., 1982) to apply 100% of ET_c in the control treatment, underestimated the ET_c of the orchard. The results indicate that, although the absence of fruits lead to reduced water use as compared to situations of medium and high crop loads, canopy size was much more determinant of orchard water requirements than crop load.     

油菜产品综合利用的研究——Ⅱ. 双低菜籽饼饲养鱼类试验

在预混合饲料中添加30%和50%的双低菜籽饼喂鱼,经132d的饲养试验,其单位面积总产和净产平均分别比添加30%常规菜籽饼的高9%和10.6%,比对照高13.4%和15·9%,而且鱼肉蛋白质的含量高,脂肪的含量低,无残毒,是一种优质的养鱼饲料。     

关于红草细长锥螺发生危害的专题报告及防治探讨

红草细长锥螺Dbeasgracile在汕头、潮州等地区大面积发生,对红绿草这种园林植物造成严重危害。文章综合分析探讨了红绿草细长锥螺分类地位、分布和寄主、形态特征、生物学特性、危害情况和防治方法。     

棉籽饼饲料中棉酚生殖毒性的研究进展

棉籽饼作为一种优质、廉价的动物饲料蛋白得到广泛的应用。但是,棉籽饼中含有的棉酚在一定程度上限制了其使用量。动物长期采食含有棉酚的饲料易引起生殖毒性。对棉酚的理化性质、限量使用及其对动物生殖毒性的研究现状进行了综述。     

菜籽饼肥不同用量对烤烟产量及质量的影响

试验研究了菜籽饼肥不同用量对烤烟产量和质量的影响。结果表明,施25%熟饼肥 75%复合肥的处理烤烟产量、产值最高,在施用饼肥纯N占25%以上时,随着饼肥用量的增加,烤烟产量、产值呈下降态势。饼肥用量相同时,腐熟饼肥产量、产值高于生饼肥。25%熟饼肥 75%复合肥处理的烟叶内在化学品质协调性较好,单施复合肥或单施菜籽饼肥(包括生饼和熟饼肥)都不利于烟叶内在化学品质的协调。     

Short-term effects of olive mill waste water (OMW) on chemical and biochemical properties of a semiarid Mediterranean soil

Olive mill waste water (OMW), a by-product of the olive mill industry, is produced in large amounts in Mediterranean countries. Olive mill waste water contains a high organic load, substantial amounts of plant nutrients but also several compounds with recognized toxicity towards living organisms. Moreover, OMW may represent a low cost source of water. Thus, the use of OMW for soil fertigation is a valuable option for its disposal, provided that its impact on soil chemical and biochemical properties is established. Investigations were performed on the short-term influence of OMW on several chemical and biochemical properties of a soil from a continental semi-arid Mediterranean region (Morocco). The soil was amended with 0, 18 and 36 ml 100 g⁻¹ soil of OMW (corresponding to a field rate of 0, 40 and 80 m³ ha⁻¹, respectively) and changes in various functionally related properties such as microbial biomass, basal respiration, extractable C and N, and soil hydrolases and oxido-reductases activities were measured over time. The variations of the main physical and chemical properties as well as the residual phytotoxicity of OMW amended and non-amended soils as assessed by tomato seed germination tests were also monitored. Temporary and permanent changes in several chemical and biochemical soil properties occurred following OMW application, thus being these properties varied in sensitivity to the applied disturbance. A sudden increase of total organic C, extractable N and C, available P and extractable Mn and Fe contents were measured. Simultaneously, a rapid increase of soil respiration, dehydrogenase and urease activities and microbial biomass (at 14 day incubation) of OMW amended soils occurred. In contrast, the activities of phosphatase, β-glucosidase, nitrate reductase and diphenol oxidase decreased markedly. The soil became highly phytotoxic after OMW addition (large decline of soil germination capability), mainly at 80 m³ ha⁻¹ OMW. After 42 days' incubation, however, a complete recovery of the soil germination capability and a residual phytotoxicity of about 30% were observed with 40 and 80 m³ ha⁻¹ OMW, respectively. These findings indicate that the impact of OMW on soil properties was the result of opposite effects, depending on the relative amounts of beneficial and toxic organic and inorganic compounds present. The toxic compounds contained in OMW most likely counteracted the beneficial effect of organic substrates provided, which promoted the growth and activity of indigenous microorganisms.     

Genetic Diversity of Tunisian Olive Tree (Olea europaea L.) Cultivars Assessed by AFLP Markers

About 29 olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars including oil and table olive cultivars originating from Tunisia and other Mediterranean countries, were genotyped using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) DNA markers. This technique is a rapid and efficient method for producing DNA fingerprints. Using nine AFLP primer combinations, we produced a total of 410 AFLP markers, among which 172 revealed polymorphism. The results demonstrated a high degree of polymorphism in the olive germplasm we examined with an average of 39%. These AFLP markers were analyzed to estimate genetic distances between pairs of cultivars using Jaccard’s similarity coefficient. Furthermore, cluster and principal component analyses were performed in order to identify the genetic variation patterns. Two main groups were obtained: one comprising primarily small-fruited cultivars grown mainly for oil production and the other comprising large fruited cultivars (regardless of their end-use). Our results show no evidence of clustering of olive cultivars according to their geographic origin.     

海藻糖对蛋糕品质影响的研究

探究了海藻糖对蛋糕品质的影响,以期开发出集品质、健康营养于一身的新型蛋糕。在传统蛋糕的基础上,用海藻糖替代传统蛋糕中30%~50%的蔗糖,以成品蛋糕的比容、水分活度、失水率、质构性质(硬度和咀嚼性、弹性和回复性、粘聚性)和感官评定为指标,研究其对蛋糕品质的影响。结果表明:当取代量为35%时,蛋糕比容最大,在30%~50%的取代范围内,随着海藻糖取代量的增加,蛋糕的水分活度明显降低,持水性增加,感官品质得到改善,用主成分分析法得出海藻糖的建议添加量为30%。     

橄榄树育苗技术

总结橄榄树育苗技术,主要包括品种选择、育苗方法、幼苗培育和管理、嫁接方法等方面内容。