Effects of long-term green manure application on the content and structure of dissolved organic matter in red paddy soil

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays important roles in soil biogeochemistry activity and nutrients transportation in soils, but studies regarding the long-term effects of green manures on the content and structure of DOM in red paddy soil have not been reported yet. A long-term green manure experiment established in 1982 was utilized to test the DOM contents in different treatments, and the spectral characteristics of DOM were investigated by using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry. The experiment included four cropping systems: rice-rice-milk vetch (RRV), rice-rice-rape (RRP), rice-rice-ryegrass (RRG) and rice-rice-winter fallow (RRF), among them, milk vetch, rape, and ryegrass are popular winter green manure species in southern China. The results showed that the content of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which is widely used to estimate the concentration of DOM, was significantly promoted after the incorporation of green manures compared with the other sampling stages. The contents of aromatic groups and the degree of humification of DOM increased in RRV and RRP, suggesting more complex compositions of the soil DOM after long-term application of milk vetch and rape. The contents of phenol, alcohol and carboxylic acid group at the mature stage of early rice were significantly higher than those at the stage of after green manures turned over, especially for the RRV treatment. The absorption ratio of FTIR indicated that winter plantation of rape increased the aromatic-C/aliphatic-C ratio, and ryegrass increased the aromatic-C/carboxyl-C ratio. In conclusion, long-term planting of milk vetch and rape as green manures increased the degree of aromaticity, humification and average molecular weight of DOM, and made the DOM more stable in red paddy soil.     

栽培措施对乐都紫皮蒜干物质积累与转运的影响

【目的】探讨栽培措施对大蒜干物质积累分配与转运特性的影响。【方法】以青海乐都紫皮蒜为材料,采用栽培方式（覆膜和不覆膜）和播期（春播和秋播）两因素随机区组排列试验设计,研究萌芽期至成熟期大蒜植株鳞茎、假茎、叶片、蒜薹等器官的干物质积累及转运特性。【结果】各处理栽培措施下,全生育期大蒜植株单株总干物质积累量呈先下降后上升的变化趋势,而鳞茎部位干物质积累量自退母后开始上升,单株总干物质及鳞茎干物质积累量均至成熟采收期达最大;秋播覆膜栽培措施下总干物质及鳞茎干物质的最终积累量均最大;春播栽培地上部干物质积累量总体高于秋播栽培。秋播栽培措施下鳞茎干物质的最终分配比例高于春播栽培,但其假茎、叶中干物质的分配比例在生育后期低于春播栽培。在不同栽培措施下,蒜薹中的干物质输出均最多,其移动率相同但转运率表现为秋播栽培低于春播栽培。不覆膜栽培措施下,根中干物质的转运率及移动率均高于覆膜栽培。【结论】不同栽培措施对大蒜全生育期各器官干物质的积累量及分配比例的总体变化趋势没有明显影响,但其具体数值因处理组合不同而有所变化;秋播覆膜栽培措施下大蒜鳞茎干物质积累能力强,具有较充足的“源”,有利于大蒜高产。     

早期水分胁迫对水稻干物质积累和氮素吸收利用的影响

[目的]研究早期水分胁迫对水稻干物质积累和氮素吸收利用的影响。[方法]以一季中稻为试验材料,在大棚内开展了轻度水分胁迫(QX)和重度水分胁迫(ZX)对不同生育时期不同器官影响的盆栽试验。[结果]2种水分胁迫处理均明显抑制了水稻不同时期的干物质量。分蘖期,CK组根、茎、叶干物质相对QX和ZX处理有不同程度(121.1%~211.2%)的增加。CK组穗重最大,为53.21 g/盆,其相对QX和ZX处理分别增加44.9%和43.3%,差异显著。相对CK而言,水分胁迫显著提高了ZX处理水稻茎秆和叶片的氮含量,但是由于水稻干物质量受到显著抑制,所以ZX处理的氮积累量显著低于CK组。[结论]前期的水分胁迫显著影响水稻产量和氮素吸收利用,田间管理措施要适时排水或灌溉,避免水分胁迫对水稻产量造成不可逆的影响。     

揭膜种植方式下不同灌水量对棉花干物质积累及产量的影响

[目的]研究揭膜种植方式下不同灌水量对棉花干物质积累、转运及产量的影响,为新疆滴灌棉花生育期揭膜后的水分管理提供理论依据.[方法]选择新陆早45号(水分胁迫迟钝型)和新陆早42号(水分胁迫敏感性)为供试材料,在出苗后40 d揭膜并设置3个水分处理,即4425 m3/hm2(W1)、5310 m3/hm2(W2)、663...     

超级杂交稻干物质生产特点与产量稳定性研究

 【目的】探明超级杂交稻在不同种植地点和不同施肥量条件下的产量表现及干物质生产特点。【方法】于2004～2005年在湖南省桂东、长沙、衡阳、南县和永州5个地点进行大田试验,按照N﹕P2O5﹕K2O为1﹕0.5﹕1的比例,设置3种施肥量处理（135、180、225 kg N•ha-1）,田间采用随机区组排列,4次重复,以超级杂交稻组合准两优527和两优293为试验材料。【结果】超级杂交稻收获产量以桂东点产量最高,地点间差异显著,其中准两优527平均为7 492.3～12 209.2 kg•ha-1,两优293为6 984.0～11 679.5 kg•ha-1。产量构成因子和干物质生产量的地点间变化与收获产量一致,但在同一地点的不同施肥量处理间收获产量和干物质生产量差异均不显著。收获产量与单位面积穗数、结实率和千粒重表现为正相关,而与每穗粒数表现为负相关。【结论】超级杂交稻存在适宜的种植区域,且在施肥量为135～225 kg N•ha-1的范围内,施肥量不是超高产栽培的限制因子。超级杂交稻的库容量大,提高结实率和粒重是获得超高产的可能途径。     

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为筛选出高钾营养吸收利用的花生种质,以花生野生种A.correntina与栽培种桂花22为研究材料,通过测定其功能叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、单株含钾量、钾素利用效率及干物质产量等相关指标,分析不同施钾量对花生光合特性及干物质累积的影响,研究不同花生品种钾吸收利用效率的差异机制.结果表明,施钾能显著提高桂花22的光合速率、叶绿素含量和干物质产量;施钾量对花生野生种A.correntina的光合特性及干物质积累影响小,施钾处理间的叶片叶绿素含量在各时期差异小,在栽培后96 d、120 d叶绿素含量和净光合速率下降幅度小,保持较高含量.花生野生种A.correntina的单株含钾量和钾素利用效率在不同施钾处理间变幅低于桂花22.     

Significance of Enzyme Activities in Soil Nitrogen Mineralization

This study was undertaken to assess the relationship between nitrogen (N) mineralization in soils treated with eight lime application rates, with four field replications, and the activities of six amidohydrolases involved in N cycling and four glycosidases involved in carbon (C) cycling in soils. Nitrogen mineralization was studied at 20 or 30 °C for 20 weeks, and with the exception of N‐aceyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase (NAGase; EC 3.2.1.30) activity, which was assayed at both temperatures, the enzyme activities were assayed at 30 °C at their optimal pH values. Results showed that among the eight enzyme activities studied, NAGase activity was the most significantly correlated with the cumulative amounts of N mineralized in 32 soil samples at 20 °C (r = 0.87***) and at 30 °C (r = 0.95***). The cumulative amounts of N mineralized at 30 °C were also significantly correlated with arylamidase and L‐aspartase activities, with r values of 0.61*** and 0.52**, respectively. Because NAGase activity is involved in both N and C cycling, the cumulative amounts of N mineralized at 30 °C were also significantly correlated with the activities of β‐glucosidase (r = 0.80***) and β‐galactosidase (r = 0.58***). Activities of other N enzymes that were significantly correlated with the cumulative amounts of N mineralized at 30 °C in 20 weeks were those of L‐asparaginase (r = 0.61***), urease (r = 0.57***), amidase (r = 0.54**), and L‐glutaminase (r = 0.41*). It seems that the activity of NAGase can be used as an index of N mineralization in soils.     

Enhancement of Germination and Growth of Slickspot Peppergrass in a New Medium with Two Compost Organic Fractions

Slickspot peppergrass (Lepidium papilliferum) is an herbaceous biennal or possibly perennial “rare” endemic plant of the southwestern Idaho high desert listed as a threatened species. This plant establishes perennial seed banks, with seeds remaining dormant and viable for several years. This study aimed to enhance the germination and early growth of this plant by adopting a new medium, a nutrient-enriched agar solution, also added with humic acid (HA) and water-extractable organic matter (WEOM) fractions isolated from a green compost (GC) and a mixed compost (MC). The germination percentage of slickspot peppergrass in this new medium was much greater than that obtained in previous studies. Further, the addition of GC-HA in the medium enhanced significantly the germination and early growth of this plant. The addition of GC-WEOM and MC-WEOM were beneficial only on plant growth for at least 7 months.     

Soil organic‐C accumulation and N availability under improved pastures established in Mediterranean oak woodlands

Long‐term effects of improved pasture establishment (with high proportion of legumes) on soil organic‐C status and N availability in Mediterranean cork oak (Quercus suber L.) woodlands were assessed. Soils were sampled beneath scattered crowns and in open areas, considering two systems: unmanaged and managed woodlands where improved pastures were installed 26 and 32 years ago. Total and labile C and N pools were measured and C and N mineralization were determined over 24 weeks laboratory incubation. Soils under improved pastures showed higher organic‐C, total‐N and net N mineralization than those under unmanaged pasture, mainly when established beneath trees. Potentially mineralizable C, C mineralization rate and microbial C were not statistically different between the unmanaged and improved pasture sites, but were higher closer to the tree than in the open area (1.8, 1.2 and 1.2 times, respectively). The qCO₂ was higher in improved pastures (1.7 times). Labile pool of C and N extracted with hot water increased under improved pasture (3.4 and 1.7 times, respectively). Results indicate that soil quality amelioration by improved pastures is stronger in the presence of oak trees. Management systems that favour oak tree maintenance and regeneration should be taken into account to reverse soil degradation.     

Changes during winter in water‐stable aggregation due to crop residue quality

There is a need to develop practices that contribute to increased water‐stable aggregation (WSA) during winter in a humid temperate climate when soil is particularly prone to water erosion. Our objectives were to determine the effects of crop residue quality on WSA during winter and to relate these effects to biochemical indicators of fungal and bacterial biomass. Three graminae crop residues were selected for their different C/N ratios and biochemical characteristics (green oat residues, C/N = 18.8; wheat straw, C/N = 125.6; and mature miscanthus residues, C/N = 311.3). In October 2009, crop residues were added with an equivalent amount of C in the 0–10 cm layer to a Luvisol in north‐west France. WSA, expressed as mean weight diameter (MWD), amino sugar, soil mineral N and water contents were measured at regular intervals during 5 months. Aggregate MWD of the control soil decreased rapidly and remained low until the last sampling date in March which illustrates the structural vulnerability of bare soils in winter in this pedo‐climatic area. The incorporation of all three crop residues had significant positive impacts on aggregate MWD. Despite widely different C/N ratios, the maximum MWD under each treatment was similar (three times greater than the control soil). Maximum MWD occurred at times that clearly depended on residue quality. Maximum values occurred early for green oat (29 day), but were delayed to 50 day for wheat straw and to 154 day for miscanthus. Results from correlation analysis suggest that variations in WSA were partly mediated by microbial agents with a dominant effect of bacteria for green oat and a combined role of fungal and bacterial biomass for wheat straw. We suggest that the maximum MWD associated with the miscanthus late in the experiment is related to changes in the composition of the fungal community. Overall, our study shows that autumn application of crop residues increases WSA during winter with its effect being microbially mediated and determined by residue quality.