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Anthony Winson 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(4):499-511
To understand the phenomenon of the rapidly increasing prevalence of overweight and obese children and youth, it is especially
important to examine the school food environment, the role of structural factors in shaping this environment, and the resulting
nutrition and health outcomes. The paper examines research on school food environments in the US and Canada. It notes evidence
of widespread availability of poor nutrition products in both environments and delineates reasons for the situation, and examines
initiatives presently being undertaken in a number of jurisdictions in both countries to encourage healthy eating in schools.
Empirical data are presented from a pilot study of high schools in the Canadian province of Ontario. The study documents the
extent of student purchasing of nutrient-poor foods and beverages, and the structural factors internal and external to the
school that appear responsible for the availability of such products in food environments in this critical institutional sphere.
The paper also examines positive local initiatives in high schools that seek to encourage healthy eating in schools.
Anthony Winson PhD is a professor in the department of sociology and anthropology at the University of Guelph. He has written on agriculture, food and rural development, and restructuring issues related to Canada and the Third World for more than 20 years. Among his books are The Intimate Commodity: Food and the Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex in Canada (Garamond 1993) and, more recently, Contingent Work, Disrupted Lives (University of Toronto 2002, with Belinda Leach) which examines economic restructuring, the changing world of work, and the factors underlying sustainability in small manufacturing-dependent rural communities in several regions of Ontario. This book won the John Porter Book Prize of the Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association for 2003. Dr. Winson’s current work is focused on the analysis of factors shaping the contemporary Canadian food environment and their role in producing what has been termed the “epidemic of obesity.” Particular attention is being paid to supermarkets and schools as part of broader-ranging research on the political economic context of the food environment. 相似文献
Anthony WinsonEmail: |
Anthony Winson PhD is a professor in the department of sociology and anthropology at the University of Guelph. He has written on agriculture, food and rural development, and restructuring issues related to Canada and the Third World for more than 20 years. Among his books are The Intimate Commodity: Food and the Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex in Canada (Garamond 1993) and, more recently, Contingent Work, Disrupted Lives (University of Toronto 2002, with Belinda Leach) which examines economic restructuring, the changing world of work, and the factors underlying sustainability in small manufacturing-dependent rural communities in several regions of Ontario. This book won the John Porter Book Prize of the Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association for 2003. Dr. Winson’s current work is focused on the analysis of factors shaping the contemporary Canadian food environment and their role in producing what has been termed the “epidemic of obesity.” Particular attention is being paid to supermarkets and schools as part of broader-ranging research on the political economic context of the food environment. 相似文献
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E. Finn L.M. Freeman J.E. Rush Y. Lee 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2010,24(6):1369-1374
Background: Obese people with heart failure have improved survival compared with their normal or underweight counterparts. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a relationship between body weight or body condition and survival in cats with heart failure. Hypothesis: Body weight and body condition score (BCS) are predictors of survival in cats with heart failure. Animals: One‐hundred and one cats with heart failure (International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council Classes II, IIIa, or IIIb) evaluated between March 2007 and June 2009. Methods: Data regarding initial body weight and BCS, subsequent changes in body weight, and treatment were collected from records and compared with survival times. Results: Median initial body weight was 5.1 kg (range, 2.2–9.5 kg). Median BCS was 5 (range, 3–9). Of the 68 cats that were discharged from the hospital, median body weight change was 0.0 kg (range, ?2.6 to +2.3 kg). Survival time for all 101 cats was 93 days (0–811 days). Survival could be predicted using a model combining initial body weight (P= .02), body weight squared (P= .02), and survival to discharge (P < .001) with a resulting global P value for this model of P < .0001. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Cats with the lowest and highest body weights had reduced survival times compared with those with body weights in the intermediate ranges, suggesting a U‐shaped relationship between body weight and survival. Additional research into the effects of body composition could help to determine optimal management of cats with heart failure. 相似文献
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The increase in obesity in people and pets has been phenomenal. As in man, obesity in pets is a risk factor for many diseases including diabetes mellitus. Recently, tissue-specific regulation of glucose metabolism in fat and muscle tissue has been identified as an important factor for insulin sensitivity and it has been hypothesized that glucose uptake into tissues is altered in obesity causing insulin resistance. The purpose of this study was to determine the expression of the glucose transporter proteins GLUT4 and GLUT1 in muscle and fat from lean and obese cats. Seventeen domestic felines were tested in the lean state and again after a 6-month period of ad libitum food intake which led to a significant increase in weight (P<0.0001). Obese cats showed a significantly higher area under the curve (AUC) for glucose, AUC for insulin and a significant decrease in glucose percentage disappearance per min (K-value) (P=0.013, 0.018 and 0.017, respectively) during an intravenous glucose tolerance test, but no change in baseline glucose or glycosylated hemoglobin concentrations. GLUT4 expression was decreased in biopsies of both muscle (P=0.002) and fat (P=0.001) in the obese animals. GLUT4 in muscle and fat significantly and negatively correlated with the insulin AUC (r2=0.36, P=0.004 and r2=0.18, P=0.040, respectively). GLUT1 expression showed no significant change in the obese cats in either tissue. It is concluded that the changes in GLUT4 are early derangements in obesity and occur before glucose intolerance is clinically evident. 相似文献
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[目的]探讨犬黑素皮质素受体-4(MC4R)基因与肥胖的关系。[方法]通过PCR-RFLP技术分析犬MC4R基因多态性与体重的关系。通过载体构建和细胞培养技术来构建犬MC4R基因的真核表达载体并转染MDCK细胞,研究该基因的体外表达情况。最后通过小鼠尾静脉高压注射重组真核表达载体的方法进行动物试验。[结果]比格犬226 bp C/A多态性与体重呈显著相关。犬MC4R基因在MDCK细胞内成功表达。MC4R重组体裸质粒注射后小鼠的体重有明显变化。[结论]MC4R基因能够促进小鼠的体重增加。该基因与肥胖的发生密切相关,将为肥胖机制的研究提供理论依据。 相似文献
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Caroline Larsson Anne Vitger Rasmus B Jensen Peter Junghans Anne-Helene Tauson 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2014,56(1)
Background
Overweight and obesity are the most common nutritional disorders in dogs and may lead to various secondary diseases and decreased lifespan. In obesity research, measurement of energy expenditure (EE) and determination of the energy requirements are essential. The objective with this study was to validate and evaluate the suitability of the oral 13C-bicarbonate technique (o13CBT) for measuring EE in dog obesity studies. A further objective was to investigate the impact of body weight (BW) reduction and changes in body composition on the EE when measured under conditions corresponding to the basal metabolic rate (BMR).Results
The EE in five privately owned, overweight dogs was measured simultaneously with the o13CBT and indirect calorimetry (IC) for comparison of the results. Two measurements per dog were performed under the same standardised conditions (i.e. fasted and resting state) at the start, and after completing a 12-week BW reduction program. Additionally, measurements of body composition by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) were conducted at the beginning and at the end of the BW reduction program. There were no differences in EE results obtained by the o13CBT and IC. Overweight and the BW reduction did not affect the estimates for the respiratory quotient (RQ) or the recovery factor for the 13C-tracer (RF), both needed when using the o13CBT. The dogs lost 16% (SD ± 2.0) of their initial BW in reduced fat mass (P < 0.001), whereas fat free mass (FFM) remained unchanged. There was no effect of the BW reduction on the determined EE expressed in kJ/kg BW/d, or in kJ/kg BW0.75/d. However, EE was lower (P < 0.001) after the BW reduction program when expressed in relation to FFM (kJ/kg FFM/d).Conclusions
Results from the present study show that the o13CBT can be a used in obesity research to determine EE in fasted dogs and under resting conditions. Furthermore, the results suggest that the BMR does not change with reduced BW in overweight dogs as long as the FFM remains unchanged. This indicates that the BMR to maintain one gram of fat is equal to maintaining one gram of FFM in overweight dogs. 相似文献20.
Effect of Age,Season, Body Condition,and Endocrine Status on Serum Free Cortisol Fraction and Insulin Concentration in Horses 下载免费PDF全文