Long-Term Effects of Aluminum and Cadmium on Growth,Leaf Anatomy,and Photosynthetic Pigments of Cotton

Aluminum (Al) and cadmium (Cd) are two elements that contaminate soil in different ways as waste products of some industrial processes and that can be tolerated by some plant species in different concentrations. In this study, growth parameters of leaves and stems (fresh and dry weights, stem lengths, leaf surface area, and lamina thickness), anatomical changes in leaves (lower and upper epidermis, stomata and mesophyll tissue), and photosynthetic pigment contents (chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids) were investigated in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Nazilli 84S), which was treated with Al and Cd for 3 months. Cotton seedlings were grown in greenhouse conditions and watered with Hoagland nutrient solutions, which contained 0, 100, and 200 μM aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) and cadmium chloride (CdCl₂). It was observed that reduced soil pH positively affected many parameters in cotton plants. Aluminum accumulation was greater in leaves than stems while the opposite was true for Cd accumulation. Leaves and stems of cotton plants treated with 100 and 200 μM Al and Cd showed slight growth changes; however, high concentrations of Al (200 μM) caused significant reductions in leaf area and leaf fresh weight, whereas stem fresh weight decreased with 200 μM Cd treatment. Anatomical parameters were mostly affected significantly under both concentrations of Al and Cd solutions (100 and 200 μM). The results revealed that the anatomical changes in the leaves varied in both treatments, and the long-term effect of the tested metals did not include harmful effects on anatomical structures. Moreover, the variations could be signals of tolerance or adaptive mechanisms of the leaves under the determined concentrations.     

平乐县自动站与人工站气象要素的对比分析

通过对广西平乐县气象局2010年自动站和人工站3个主要气象要素观测资料的比较,分析2种观测数据差异的特征、形成原因以及自动站观测数据的准确性。结果表明,2种观测数据存在差异的主要原因:自动站与人工站仪器本身的构造不同;观测仪器本身所造成的误差;观测体制(观测时间)上的不同步;人工站存在观测员的读数视差等。     

不同无土基质和营养液对切花百合种球及生长的影响

根据对东方系列百合品种“西伯利亚”在日光温室开展的 2种基质、4种营养液配方和 3种营养液灌溉量盆栽试验 ,结果表明 :在基质、营养液和营养液使用量 3种因素中 ,影响更新球大小和株高的主要因素为基质 ,影响籽球大小、数量和花期的主要因素为营养液的施用量 ,不同营养液配方对更新球大小、籽球数量、花头数有不同的效果。扩繁籽球的最佳处理为选用蛭石基质、B1营养液和 2 0 0mL·株-1·d-1的营养液灌溉量 ;培养大球和增加株高的最佳基质为珍珠岩 ,最佳营养液配方为B3 ,最佳营养液灌溉量为 2 0 0mL·株 -1·d-1。     

叶面喷施矿质营养剂对龙眼果实品质的影响

以促进龙眼果实发育和提高果实品质为目的,在龙眼果实发育中后期(6-7月),树冠分别喷施6种不同组合的矿质营养剂3次。结果表明:营养剂处理在一定程度上改善了龙眼果实品质。其中,所有处理的果实果型大小及单果重、可食率、可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖含量均高于对照;大部分处理的Vc含量也不同程度的提高。处理1和处理4能显著地提高龙眼果实的外观品质;处理3能比较全面地改善龙眼果实的内在品质。     

酸性低钾土硫酸钾镁肥对花生生长及养分吸收的影响

在供钾水平较低的酸性赤砂土上,采用盆栽试验方法研究硫酸钾镁对花生生长发育及养分吸收的影响,结果表明:随硫酸钾镁用量的增加,花生经济产量与生物总量呈先增加后降低的趋势.施硫酸钾镁513mg·kg-1(土)处理(相当于每千克土施K2O 0.12 g、Mg 0.028 g、S 0.09 g),花生产量最高,经济产量与生物总量分别较对照增加20.2%和32.2%.随硫酸钾镁用量的增加,植株对钾、镁、硫各吸收量均有不同程度增加,其中对钾、硫吸收量呈逐渐升高的趋势,而对镁吸收量呈先升高后降低的趋势,植株对钾、镁吸收表现正相关.随硫酸钾镁用量的增加,花生果仁粗蛋白与粗脂肪均较对照有所提高,粗蛋白含量呈逐渐增加,而粗脂肪含量却呈逐渐下降趋势.在酸性低钾、中镁、潜在性缺硫的赤砂土上,花生施用硫酸钾镁肥,钾镁养分吸收里显著正相关,但钾硫相关性不明显.     

Micro-scale heterogeneity in urban forest soils affects fine root foraging by ornamental seedlings of Buddhist pine and Northeast yew

Urban soils are frequently characterized by a strong heterogeneity caused by intense anthropogenic activity and land use changes. Soil heterogeneity is commonly known to affect tree root development, but little has been detected concerning root foraging by ornamental trees in heterogeneous urban soils at micro-scale. In this study, Buddhist pine [Podocarpus macrophyllus (Thunb.) D. Don] and Northeast yew (Taxus cuspidata S. et Z.) were selected as ornamental tree species for a two-year study. In the first-year, seedlings were cultured under contrasting photoperiods to generate different morphologies. In the second year, seedlings were transplanted to pots filled with soils collected from an urban forest. Controlled-release fertilizers (N-P₂O₅-K₂O, 14-13-13) were evenly broadcasted to a half patch of the pot (heterogeneity) or to both halves (homogeneity) on the surface 5 cm beneath the pot-top at the rate of 0.135 g N seedling⁻¹. In the fertilized heterogeneous patch, larger Buddhist pine seedlings had greater dry weight, length, surface area, volume, number of tips, and morphological foraging-precision in fine roots. Compared to Northeast yew seedlings under natural photoperiod in the first year, those under the extended photoperiod had larger size, greater fine root biomass, and length but lower foraging-precision in the second year. N and P concentrations in second-year fine roots mainly increased with the availability of patches generated by fertilization for both species. In conclusion, the ability to forage for nutrients by ornamental tree seedlings in heterogeneous urban forest soils was species-specific. Buddhist pine seedlings had higher foraging precision in heterogeneous urban soils than Northeast yew seedlings due to their response to the extended photoperiod during culture.     

空间前方交会中外方位元素误差对测量立木高度的影响

从理论上推导了外方位元素包含误差的情况下,利用空间前方交会法对测量树高的影响,并对影响树高测量精度的外方位元素误差进行了实践检证。结果表明,外方位元素在一定误差范围内,利用空间前方交会理论测量树高,精度较高。     

霉菌毒素吸附剂对产蛋鸡生产性能、蛋黄中微量元素含量、血清抗氧化和生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究霉菌毒素吸附剂(分别命名为CZ和SF)对产蛋鸡生产性能、蛋黄中微量元素含量、血清抗氧化和生化指标的影响。选取216只38周龄健康的罗曼蛋鸡,随机分成3个组,每组6个重复,每个重复12只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组(CZ组、SF组)分别在基础饲粮中添加0.5 g/kg的CZ和SF。预试期为10 d,正试期为35 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,CZ组产蛋鸡试验3~5周产蛋率、日产蛋量显著提高(P0.05);饲粮中添加霉菌毒素吸附剂对产蛋鸡的平均蛋重、平均日采食量、料蛋比和死淘率均无显著影响(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,各试验组产蛋鸡第14天和第35天蛋黄铜、锰含量均无显著差异(P0.05);CZ组第14天蛋黄锌含量显著提高(P0.05)。3)饲粮中添加霉菌毒素吸附剂对第14天和第35天产蛋鸡血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量无显著影响(P0.05)。与对照组相比,各试验组产蛋鸡第14天血清总抗氧化能力均显著提高(P0.05);SF组第35天血清总超氧化物歧化酶活性显著提高(P0.05)。4)与对照组相比,CZ组产蛋鸡血清碱性磷酸酶活性、葡萄糖含量显著降低(P0.05);SF组血清总胆固醇含量显著降低(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加霉菌毒素吸附剂CZ明显提高了产蛋鸡产蛋性能,2种吸附剂CZ和SF都增强了产蛋鸡血清抗氧化功能,改善了部分血清生化指标。     

杂交辣椒营养成份与农艺性状、抗病性、净光合速率的灰色关联分析

用灰色关联法分析了农艺性状、抗病性、净光合速率与杂交辣椒营养成份之间关系的密切程度。结果表明,农艺性状与营养成份间总体关联度大小顺序为叶长、首花节位、株幅、叶宽、叶柄长、株高、果长、主茎高、果宽、肉厚、侧枝数。抗病性性状与营养成份间总体关联度大小顺序为疫病、CMV、TMV、疮痂病。净光合速率与营养成份间总体关联度大小顺序为结果中期、结果前期、结果后期。     

小白菜(Brassica chinensis)叶片硝酸盐与矿质元素含量的研究

在施用氮肥的基础上 ,配施足量的磷、钾肥显著提高小白菜产量 ;配施适量的氯化钠 ,其增产效果与氯化钾相近。故在蔬菜生产中 ,可适量施用人粪尿 ,这对于缓解我国钾肥紧张的状况和提高蔬菜产量有一定意义。小白菜叶片的硝酸盐和钠离子含量苗期 >旺长期 >成熟期 ;磷、钾含量成熟期 >旺长期 >苗期 ;全氮含量各生育期相似。所以 ,从减少硝酸盐和增加矿质元素的摄入的角度看 ,食用成熟蔬菜优于幼嫩蔬菜。施用磷、钾、钠一般能提高小白菜叶片的磷、钾、钠含量 ,但在旺盛生长的蔬菜叶片内 ,磷、钾出现稀释效应 ;营养不良和生长受到抑制时 ,磷、钾出现浓缩效应。此外 ,蔬菜叶片的硝酸盐与钾、有机态氮含量之间呈显著负相关 ,与钠含量呈显著正相关。所以 ,为了降低蔬菜硝酸盐和增加矿质元素的含量 ,方便有效的控制措施是成熟时采收 ,提倡施用磷、钾肥 ,防止钠离子过度积累