陕北丘陵区陡坡柠条林地与荒坡土壤水分变化研究

通过定点土壤水分测定与对比分析，研究了陕北丘陵区陡坡柠条林地与荒坡的土壤水分亏缺状况，年际年内动态变化规律，干燥化特征及其自然降水的补偿能力。结果表明，柠条林地与荒坡0-10m土层贮水量仅相当于田间持水量的26．2％～41．2％。荒坡地0-10m土层贮水量相当于田间持水量的39．8％～41．2％。土壤贮水量的分布是阳坡〈半阳坡〈阴坡，上坡位〈下坡位。年际间土壤水分的变异程度随土壤深度的增加而减弱，土壤贮水量的变化主要发生在2m以上土层内。土壤贮水量具有明显的季节变化特征，但滞后于降雨量变化。生长季内，柠条地与荒坡的土壤平均贮水量之间差异显著，土壤越深，其含水量变化程度越小。两种利用方式的土壤剖面都产生了不同程度的干化层。相比而言，柠条林地深层土壤干燥化强度明显大于荒坡地。丰水年柠条林雨水补偿深度仅为1．0m，荒坡也仅为1．2m。柠条林丰水年的雨水补偿深度比干旱年可增加60cm以上，5m土层贮水增量增加3倍以上。     

Phyllostomid bat diversity in a variegated coffee landscape

We examined bat diversity at two different spatial scales: habitat and matrix, in the Quindío coffee region in Colombia. Habitats were: forest, shaded coffee and associated coffee; and matrices were: associated coffee (M1) and shaded coffee (M2). Three sampling sites from each type of habitat were located at each matrix. The forest areas of the Quindío region are severely fragmented and less structurally complex than coffee patches. The shaded coffee habitat had patches that were larger and more complex. In spite of limited patch size and lower complexity, the forest remnants were those with greatest species richness and demonstrated clear similarities even between the two matrices. This was not observed in coffee plantations, neither in associated coffee nor shaded coffee. On the landscape scale, M2 showed lower β diversity and greater edge density (ED) than M1. This fact explains that greater connectivity between different habitats exists in M2 than in M1. Our results suggest that production and conservation are compatible, as maintenance of forest remnants in a mosaic structure by landowners of the vegetation is sufficient to conserve phyllostomid bats at landscape level.     

基于风蚀模型的河北省土壤风蚀风险评价

[目的]对河北省空间范围开展土壤风蚀风险评价研究,以期为研究区基于土壤风蚀的土地退化和大气污染防治提供科学依据。[方法]在遥感和地理信息系统技术的支持下,采用第一次全国水力普查中推荐的风蚀模型,对研究区2009年的土壤风蚀风险进行评价。[结果]河北省土壤微度侵蚀面积所占比例最大,约占河北省总面积的65.36%,主要分布在河北平原、太行山地和冀北山地;其次为轻度侵蚀,约占河北省总面积的12.46%,主要分布在坝上高原和冀西北间山盆地;中强度侵蚀的风蚀面积最小,合计不足河北省总面积的0.1%,主要为分布在研究区北部的沙地类型;极强侵蚀和剧烈侵蚀没有分布。[结论]河北省土壤风蚀强度呈现出明显的空间差异性,干燥,风速大,植被覆盖度低的冀西北地区风蚀强度最大,湿润、风速小、植被覆盖度高的冀东北地区风蚀强度最小,南部平原和太行山区风蚀强度中等。     

Effects of roads on landscape structure within nested ecological units of the Northern Great Lakes Region, USA

Road development is a primary mechanism of fragmentation in the northern Great Lakes Region, removing original land cover, creating edge habitat, altering landscape structure and function, and increasing access for humans. We examined road density, landscape structure, and edge habitat created by roads for eight land cover types at two ecological extents within a 78,752 km² landscape. Road density ranged from 0.16 to 2.07 km/km² within land type associations. Between 5 and 60% of a land cover type was affected by roads, depending on the assumed depth-of-edge influence (DEI). Roads increased number of patches and patch density, and decreased mean patch size and largest patch index. Changes in patch size coefficient of variation and measures of patch shape complexity depended on ecological level (i.e. scale) and land cover class. Limited additional change in landscape metrics occurred as road DEI was increased from 20 to 300 m. Land cover type occurred in buffers at the same percentages as in the landscape as a whole. At finer extents, areas with greatest road densities did not always parallel those with greatest changes in landscape structure. Interactions of scale and variation in the distribution of roads across the region emphasize the importance of examining landscape metrics and road impacts within specific cover types and at appropriate, or multiple, scales. Although this region is densely forested, the fragmentation effects of roads are pervasive, significantly altering landscape structure within multiple forest cover classes and at differing ecological extents.     

Elevated CO2 and O3t concentrations differentially affect selected groups of the fauna in temperate forest soils

Rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations may change soil fauna abundance. How increase of tropospheric ozone (O_3t) concentration will modify these responses is still unknown. We have assessed independent and interactive effects of elevated [CO₂] and [O_3t] on selected groups of soil fauna. The experimental design is a factorial arrangement of elevated [CO₂] and [O_3t] treatments, applied using Free-Air CO₂ Enrichment technology to 30 m diameter rings, with all treatments replicated three times. Within each ring, three communities were established consisting of: (1) trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera) (2) trembling aspen and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and (3) trembling aspen. After 4 yr of stand development, soil fauna were extracted in each ring. Compared to the control, abundance of total soil fauna, Collembola and Acari decreased significantly under elevated [CO₂] (−69, −79 and −70%, respectively). Abundance of Acari decreased significantly under elevated [O_3t] (−47%). Soil fauna abundance was similar to the control under the combination of elevated [CO₂+O_3t]. The individual negative effects of elevated [CO₂] and elevated [O_3t] are negated upon exposure to both gases. We conclude that soil fauna communities will change under elevated [CO₂] and elevated [O_3t] in ways that cannot be predicted or explained from the exposure of ecosystems to each gas individually.     

Status of tiger and leopard in Rajaji-Corbett Conservation Unit, northern India

Rajaji-Corbett Tiger Conservation Unit (RCTCU), in northern India, is one of the 11 Level-I Tiger Conservation Units (TCU) identified in the Indian subcontinent for the long-term conservation of the tiger. This TCU of about 7500 km² stretches from the Yamuna River in the west to Sharda River in the east and includes portions of the Outer Himalaya and the Shivalik hills. Little less than one third of this TCU comes under protected area status (Rajaji National Park—820 km², and Corbett Tiger Reserve—1286 km²) and the rest are under 12 reserve forest divisions, five of which have largely been converted into monoculture plantations. Between November 1999 and March 2000, we evaluated the status of tiger and leopard in RCTCU by counting the number of different pug marks on 3-5 km transect walks along 52 dry stream beds (‘raus’), for a total distance of 479 km in these reserve forests and plantations. People and cattle seen along the transects, were also counted, as an index of disturbance. In this TCU, the tiger occurs in three isolated populations: between the west bank of River Ganges and River Yamuna, from the east bank of Ganges to Kathgodam-Haldwani-Lalkuan Highway and between the Highway and River Sharda. Owing to increasing biotic pressures, the tiger has become rare in Rajaji-Corbett corridor and has become extinct in four divisions. There is a growing threat of further degradation and fragmentation of its habitat. To implement a recovery programme, we suggest several management measures such as control of poaching, resettlement of local tribes (gujjars) and five villages, creation and strengthening of forest corridors, conversion of monocultures into polyculture plantations and establishment of several mini-core areas including Nandaur Valley National Park. We recommend the reliable and user-friendly method used by us to evaluate and monitor the status of leopard and tiger in this conservation unit. A suggested Greater Corbett Tiger Reserve (2000 km²) should be kept as inviolate as possible.     

河北省退耕还林工程生态效益评估

采用分布式测算方法,对河北省退耕还林工程的生态效益进行评估。结果表明:1)2013年河北省退耕还林工程生态效益总价值量为970亿8 000万元,1年内创造的生态效益价值量远远超过工程自实施以来国家的总投资,6项生态服务功能的生态效益价值量由大到小的顺序为涵养水源、固碳释氧、生物多样性保护、净化大气环境、保育土壤和林木积累营养物质,涵养水源总物质量占该省年均水资源总量的26.54%,固土总物质量占该省年平均土壤侵蚀量的20.90%,固碳总量占"十二五"期间年碳排放量的40.96%,吸附污染物量和滞尘量远远超过了《京津冀及周边地区重点工业企业清洁生产水平提升计划》的要求;2)不同植被恢复类型生态效益价值量由大到小的顺序为宜林荒山荒地造林、退耕地还林和封山育林;3)不同林种类型的生态效益价值量由大到小的顺序为生态林、经济林和灌木林。评估结果可真实地反映河北省退耕还林工程的生态效益。     

河北省荒漠化土地特点及防治建议

河北省荒漠化土地面积大、分布广。在各种土地利用类型中,耕地荒漠化面积最大,但荒漠化程度最高的是草地。由于河北省地处干旱、半干旱过渡地带荒漠化敏感区,其荒漠化土地的特点也受其特有的自然、历史和社会环境所决定,荒漠化土地的类型、程度和分布有其自己的规律。分析研究和掌握荒漠化土地发生发展的自然规律,有助于更好的预防和治理荒漠化。虽然目前河北省总体沙漠化程度尚轻,但仍需提高重视,坚持因地制宜、多重效益并重的原则,加大投资力度,调整产业结构,科技兴农治沙,以确保河北省及京津地区的生态安全。     

从C418的育成看北方杂交粳稻“水涨船高”形势

北方杂交粳稻在８０ 年代以来的发展中，呈现与常规稻相互竞争、相互取代、相互促进的发展形势。以１９９７～１９９８ 年２ ａ 区试结果为依据，分析了Ｃ４１８ 恢复系育成对形成北方杂交粳稻“水涨船高”形势的影响。     

河北省山杏产业化经营状况及对策

河北省是我国山杏重要产区之一,近年来山杏产业得到了迅猛发展。但同时也存在着一些不容忽视的问题。文章对河北省山杏产业化经营中存在的问题进行了分析,在此基础上,提出了促进山杏产业化经营应采取的对策。