基于PLUS和InVEST模型的邯郸市碳储量空间分布特征研究

[目的] 分析河北省邯郸市近20 a土地利用格局及碳储量分布,并探讨生态保护政策下未来10 a的土地利用变化趋势,为增加城市碳汇和实现城市可持续发展提供参考依据。[方法] 使用PLUS模型,选取自然、社会驱动因素及生态规划限制因子,分析邯郸市在2000—2020年及自然发展情景和生态保护情景下2030年的土地利用变化规律,并结合InVEST模型,评估邯郸市2000—2030年3期碳储量。[结果] ①邯郸土地利用类型的分布呈现“西部林地,东中部耕地”的总体空间分布特征,耕地和人造地表之间的土地利用转移占总土地利用变化的96.58%; ②邯郸市碳密度空间分布呈现西部高东部低的特点,碳储量总体呈下降趋势,碳损失在2010年突增,耕地的过度侵占是导致邯郸市碳损失的最主要原因; ③与自然发展情景相比,生态保护情景下土地利用变化趋于克制,虽然生态用地的提升潜力一般,但由于人类活动受到限制,避免了生态资源的消耗; ④2020—2030年自然发展情景和生态保护情景下邯郸市碳储量变化分别为减少4.23×10⁶ t和增加2.16×10⁴ t。各区县碳损失风险显著降低,不同区县碳汇潜力差异明显。[结论] 人造地表侵占耕地是导致碳损失的主要原因。生态保护政策干预下,各区县碳损失风险显著降低,不同区县也存在明显差异,碳损失更易发生于东中部平原地区,西南部的太行山东麓县区则具有较强的碳汇潜力,需针对差异化表现灵活布局。     

Forest floor gross and net nitrogen mineralization in three forest types in Quebec, Canada

The effect of high nitrogen (N) depositions on forest ecosystems is an important concern in North America and may lead to N saturation of forest ecosystems and contribute to soils and surface water acidification. In this study, nitrogen dynamics in the FH layers of a sugar maple (SM), a balsam fir (BF) and a black spruce (BS) forest was characterized using a short term ¹⁵N isotopic pool dilutions approach and mid-term FH material incubation both in situ and in the laboratory. The short term dilutions approach indicated that the mean residence times of and in the FH material of the three sites were low (<1 d). The amount of inorganic nitrogen () recycled annually within the exchangeable forest floor reservoir was between one and two orders of magnitude larger than the annual atmospheric N deposition found at each of the sites. The BS site was clearly distinct than the two other forest types in that net N mineralization was negligible, even in absence of root uptake, suggesting that soil microorganisms were severely N limited. While net nitrification was not observed within the FH material of the BF site, did accumulate in the FH of the SM despite a low pH of 3.72 presumably because of heterotrophic nitrification or as a result of acid-tolerant autotrophic nitrification. The difference in N dynamics between the sites were most probably caused by dominant tree species. Transformation rates of inorganic N were higher in SM, followed by BF and BS stands. Given that the potential to mineralize inorganic N matches with a superimposed N atmospheric deposition gradient in Québec, the sugar maple forest is more likely to be affected by N saturation than coniferous forests.     

中国北方农牧交错带河北省怀来县生态环境敏感性分析

该文运用卫星遥感数据,在Arc/info和Arcview支持下,对怀来盆地的土壤潜在侵蚀强度和坡度进行了计算,并将结果运用于环境敏感性分类中.环境敏感性分类所选取的6项指标为行政村数目、土壤潜在侵蚀强度、坡度、年降水量、森林覆盖度和草地覆盖度.根据怀来县各区域的环境敏感度Sr的计算结果,以环境敏感度值11为分类步长,将怀来县15个乡镇划分成了5个等级,分别代表5个区域:Ⅰ级属于不敏感区域,有东花园乡、瑞云观乡、小南辛堡乡、孙庄子乡和大黄庄乡5个乡镇;Ⅱ级属于轻微敏感区域,包括桑园乡、存瑞乡、王家楼乡和北辛堡乡4个乡镇;Ⅲ级属于中度敏感区域,包括沙城、鸡鸣驿和西八里3个乡镇;Ⅳ级属于高度敏感区域,包含官厅镇、新保安、东八里和狼山乡4个乡镇;Ⅴ级为极敏感区域,只有土木乡1个乡镇.怀来县生态环境敏感性区域的划分,可为怀来县进行生态规划、产业结构调整、实现资源与经济的可持续发展提供指导作用.      

Genetic Structure of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium</Emphasis> (Solanaceae) Populations Collected after the ENSO Event of 1997–1998

The greatest extent of genetic variation and outcrossing for Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium occurs in northern Peru. This is also the area most affected by EI Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Using morphological and the molecular markers SSRs and AFLPs, we studied the genetic structure of L. pimpinellifolium populations collected after the ENSO event of 1997–1998. This was the most intense in the last century and caused a vast increase in the size of L. pimpinellifolium populations. Populations in the area surveyed were not regionally differentiated. We did not find any cline or eco-geographic association for genetic diversity, and positive correlations between genetic and geographic distances were found only at very short distances. Flooding and water streams caused by ENSO might have facilitated a periodical seed migration from distant areas. Gene flow between populations could then occur, facilitated by the increase in the population sizes of plants and pollinators and by the high levels of stigmatic exsertion. Results revealed a significant lack of heterozygotes in comparison with those expected in a panmictic population without consanguinity. A high degree of endogamy was found in all populations. In this context, endogamy can be explained by the occurrence of crosses between relatives rather than by autogamy. In an area intensely disturbed by ENSO, we found a population that had not been reported by earlier collectors in this region. This yellow-fruited population remained morphologically and molecularly differentiated from all L. pimpinellifolium and L. esculentum populations analyzed.     

基于“反规划”生态视角下的城乡空间生长潜力研究——以河北省霸州市为例

从"反规划"的生态视角对城乡空间生长潜力进行了研究,对影响空间生长和发展的因素进行了分类,并进一步分析了其对生态空间、农业生产空间、非农产业空间、城乡生活空间的影响,得出霸州不同类型空间的生长潜力,从而引导城市可持续发展布局。     

闽北果园生态系统大气氮湿沉降研究

研究了2011年3月至2012年2月期间闽北果园生态系统中大气氮素湿沉降浓度、沉降量的变化规律。结果表明:监测期间降水中总氮(TN)、无机氮(TIN)、溶解有机氮(DON)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)和硝态氮(NO3--N)的平均浓度分别为2.11、1.07、1.04、0.65和0.42 mg/L。湿沉降氮量有明显的季节性变化,春、夏季高,秋、冬季低。TN年沉降量为23.19 kg/hm2,其中NH4+-N、NO3--N和DON年沉降量分别占TN年沉降量的30.60%、20.02%和49.38%。     

河北省农村现代服务业发展问题及对策研究

河北省地处华北平原,农村人口众多,发展河北省现代服务业是促进河北省农村经济发展的必然选择。通过分析发展农村现代服务业的意义,更进一步认识到发展农村现代服务业的重要性。并在分析目前河北省农村现代服务业发展中存在的问题的基础上,提出未来的发展对策和规划。     

农合联服务农民专业合作经济组织研究——以河北省保定市为例

以河北省保定市农合联发展为例,介绍了农合联的服务领域,主要是搭建服务平台,提供科技服务;组织经贸洽谈和交流,推进农超对接;提供金融服务,解决筹资难题。分析了保定市农合联发展存在的问题,一是地域发展不均衡,缺乏组织内部联系;二是部分县(市)农合联发展有待完善,带动效果不明显;三是人才短缺,创新力度不足;四是制度缺失,管理缺乏约束。提出了进一步发挥农合联作用,促进农民专业合作组织发展的对策建议:加强宣传,培养农民的合作意识;将农合联纳入正式制度安排,吸纳专业人才;创新农合联组织体制,完善服务方式;完善农合联组织内部运行机制,在新的发展背景下创新农合联工作内容。     

天山北坡典型研究区融雪期积雪光谱特征分析

选取了新疆天山北坡军塘湖流域作为典型研究区,布设4个2 m×2 m试验样方,在2011年3月利用ASD便携式地物光谱仪对该地区积雪进行了积雪反射光谱的测定并对其进行了分析。结果表明,积雪在近红外区后反射率急剧下降,在1 350 nm附近积雪反射率近似呈直线下降;1 020、1 250、1 470和2 000 nm附近是积雪反射率吸收峰,在1 470和2 000 nm附近积雪的反射率几乎为0;太阳高度角引起的积雪反射率变化主要在近红外区;积雪反射率随时间推移而逐渐降低;在融雪期,随着测量面深度的增加,积雪的反射率有减小的趋势。     

河北省新农村建设存在问题与对策建议

结合河北省实际情况,分析河北省新农村建设的有利条件和存在的问题,提出河北省新农村建设应以农民为主体,加强文化和制度建设,应结合经济和自然条件因地制宜、量力而为,应做好先期规划,分地区、分阶段、分层次进行,为河北省和全国其他地区的新农村建设提供决策依据。