褐稻虱发声机理模型和雌虫鸣声的人工模拟

 褐稻虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stal)雌、雄成虫均能振动腹部．发出由固体介质(寄主植株)传递的声信号,用于交尾前的个体间通讯。整个发声过程似为卷积同态系统， 包括：冲击序列发生器、腹部振动单元、后基片振动单元及机械滤波器。最近发现的摩擦发声器是该系统的核心。根据上述发声模型，用电子振荡电路成功地模拟了褐稻虱雌虫鸣声。     

龟纹瓢虫生殖系统及卵子发生观察

【目的】龟纹瓢虫捕食蚜虫、粉虱、木虱等多种害虫,是农林业重要天敌昆虫。掌握龟纹瓢虫雌雄内生殖系统结构及卵细胞生成过程,为龟纹瓢虫人工繁育提供理论依据。【方法】采用组织石蜡切片技术和内部解剖,在光学显微镜下观察龟纹瓢虫雌雄成虫内生殖器及卵子发生过程。【结果】龟纹瓢虫雄性内生殖系统包括1对精巢、1对雄性附腺、1对输精管、贮精囊、射精管;雌性内生殖系统包括1对卵巢、1对侧输卵管、中输卵管、受精囊、生殖腔,每侧卵巢含11~13根卵巢管;卵巢管生长区可见4粒发育程度不同的卵母细胞,根据卵黄沉淀情况、滤泡细胞形态变化将卵子发生划分为前期、中期、后期、末期4个时期。【结论】卵巢结构、卵巢管和卵母细胞数量有助于解释龟纹瓢虫产卵量,不适宜的饲养条件可能抑制卵巢发育,进而导致龟纹瓢虫产卵量发生变化。因此,为实现龟纹瓢虫的规模化应用,人工繁育中应创造最优营养和环境条件以保障产生更多成熟卵细胞。     

基于转录组的苋菜LBD基因家族鉴定及蓝光下的表达分析

为了解苋菜LBD基因家族,本研究利用转录组数据筛选和鉴定苋菜LBD基因家族成员,并命名为AtrLBD。结果表明:1)从‘全红’苋菜转录组中共鉴定得到16个AtrLBD基因,均为不稳定蛋白,氨基酸长度在91～351aa,相对分子质量为9.396～38.250ku;二级结构主要以α-螺旋和无规卷曲为主;亚细胞定位预测,AtrLBD定位在细胞核、叶绿体和线粒体;MEME分析结果表明,16个AtrLBD共有10个保守氨基酸序列;2)系统进化树显示,16个AtrLBD与拟南芥LBD蛋白分为第一类(ClassⅠ)和第二类(ClassⅡ)2大类,细分为Class Ia、Ib、Ic、Id、Ie和Class IIa、IIb等7个亚类;miRNA预测结果显示,有4个AtrLBD是miRNA靶基因;3)qRT-PCR结果显示,除AtrLBD4、AtrLBD5、AtrLBD10和AtrLBD16以外,AtrLBD均受到蓝光的诱导表达。上述结果为深入研究苋菜LBD基因家族的功能及进化分析奠定了基础。     

江南白鹅消化器官的早期生长发育特点及其相关性研究

为探究江南白鹅消化器官早期生长发育特点,通过饲养试验研究江南白鹅消化器官的生长发育规律及其与体重的相关关系,以期为江南白鹅及其他中型白鹅的饲料科学配制和科学饲养参考。结果表明：①4周龄时,各消化器官的长度或重量与9周龄时比较,十二指肠、空肠和回肠的长度和重量均达80%以上,盲肠达69%,胃重量达63%,肝脏重量达56%。0—4周中,第1周各消化器官的指数增长率最高,均达66%以上。②4周龄时,江南白鹅的十二指肠长度、空肠长度、空肠重量和腺胃重量与9周龄时体重呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）;其他指标与体重相关性不显著（P>0.05）。③整个生长期,江南白鹅消化器官的生长发育集中于前4周,肠道优先发育,随后是胃部,再其次是肝脏。消化器官的生长发育高峰期在第1周,且速度大于同期体重。空肠早期的生长发育情况与体重生长相关性最强。     

Digesta viscosity, nutrient digestibility and organ weights in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed diets supplemented with different levels of a soluble non-starch polysaccharide

The objective of the present study was to investigate if dietary soluble non‐starch polysaccharides (NSP) increase digesta viscosity, reduce nutrient digestibility and increase organ weights in African catfish. The fish (mean weight 80 g) were fed diets supplemented with the soluble NSP guar gum at three levels, 0 g kg^?1 (GG0), 40 g kg^?1 (GG4) and 80 g kg^?1 (GG8). Guar gum inclusion significantly increased digesta viscosity in the proximal (GG0: 1.7 centipoise or cP; GG4: 84.9 cP; GG8: 98.3 cP) and distal (GG0: 1.9 cP; GG4: 109.8 cP; GG8: 66.4 cP) intestine. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) were significantly lower for the GG8 diet than the GG0 diet (dry matter: 52% versus 69%; protein: 77% versus 90%; ash: 41% versus 54%; energy: 60% versus 77%). The ADC of dry matter and energy were significantly lower for the GG4 diet than the GG0 diet. The relative growth rate of metabolic weight (14.5–15.4 g kg^?0.8 day^?1) and feed conversion ratio (0.8) did not differ between diets. Fish fed the GG8 diet had a significantly higher somatic stomach index than GG0 fish (0.71% versus 0.65% body weight). The intestinal somatic index tended to increase with increasing guar gum supplementation (GG0: 1.08%; GG4: 1.23%; GG8: 1.59%). In conclusion, high digesta viscosities in the guar gum fed fish may explain the observed reduced nutrient digestibilities and increases in digestive organ weights.     

青鱼消化器官数量性状胚后发育规律

采用显微解剖和测量、光镜和扫描电镜观察方法，系统观测全长为５．６～３３０．０ｍｍ的青鱼标本３７０尾，描述了鳃耙、咽齿、角质垫和肠等消化器官数量性状在胚后发育过程中的变化规律；论述了青鱼的摄食特性、消化器官数量性状胚后发育的阶段性及其相关性、消化器官数量性状发育与食性转化，为制订培育青鱼苗种和饲养成鱼的生物学技术提供了可靠依据     

Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome in Humans and Animals

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), defined as the presence of altered organ function in an acutely ill patient such that homeostasis cannot be maintained without intervention, is a cause of high morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. Many advances have been made in understanding the pathophysiology and treatment of this syndrome in human medicine, but much still is unknown. This comparative review will provide information regarding the history and pathophysiology of MODS in humans and discuss how MODS affects each major organ system in animals.     

Growth and physiological responses of growing pigs to wheat–corn distillers dried grains with solubles

Gaining a detailed knowledge on the impact of a feedstuff on pig growth and physiological responses is critical for its effective utilization. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of distillers dried grains with solubles derived from co‐fermentation of wheat and corn (wcDDGS) on performance, carcass and visceral organ weights, whole‐body O₂ consumption and heat production (HP) in growing barrows. The experimental diets were as follows: corn–soybean meal diet (Control), Control + 15% wcDDGS and Control + 30% wcDDGS. In Exp. 1, 48 pair‐housed pigs of average BW 18.6 ± 1.5 kg (mean ± SD) were allotted to the 3 diets (n = 8). Pigs had free access to water and feed for a 28‐day period during which ADG and ADFI were calculated weekly. Thereafter, 1 pig/pen was killed to measure carcass and visceral organ weights. Overall, wcDDGS linearly decreased (p < 0.05) ADFI and ADG but had no effect on G:F (p > 0.10). The ADFI was 1.55, 1.45 and 1.36 kg/day for diets containing 0, 15 and 30% wcDDGS respectively; corresponding values for ADG were 0.79, 0.75 and 0.67 kg/day respectively. A linear decline (p = 0.01) in eviscerated hot carcass weight was observed as dietary wcDDGS increased. In Exp. 2, 18 pigs of average BW 20.4 ± 2.4 kg (mean ± SD) were individually housed in metabolism crates and fed the 3 diets (n = 6) at 550 kcal ME kg BW^?0.60day for a 16‐day period followed by measurement of O₂ consumption using an indirect calorimeter. Diet had no effect (p > 0.10) on whole‐body O₂ consumption and HP. In conclusion, increasing wcDDGS content in growing pig diets linearly reduced ADFI, ADG and eviscerated hot carcass weight but had no effect on G:F, visceral organ weights or HP.     

Effects of lactulose supplementation on performance,blood profiles,excreta microbial shedding of Lactobacillus and Escherichia coli,relative organ weight and excreta noxious gas contents in broilers

This study was to evaluate the effects of lactulose supplementation on performance, blood profiles, excreta microbial shedding of Lactobacillus and Escherichia coli, relative organ weight and excreta noxious gas contents in broilers. A total of 720 ROSS 308 broilers with a body weight of 46 ± 0.1 g (1 day of age) were used in a 28‐d experiment. Broilers were randomly allotted to 4 experiment diets with 12 replicate pens and 15 birds per pen. Dietary treatments were as follows: NC, negative control (without antibiotic); PC, NC + 0.1% tiamulin; L1, NC + 0.1% lactulose; and L2, NC + 0.2% lactulose. Broilers were fed with phase 1 (1–8 day), phase 2 (9–18 day) and phase 3 (19–28 day) diets in the form of mash. During day 1–8, broilers fed the PC and L2 diets had higher (p < 0.05) body weight gain than those fed the NC diet. During day 19–28, broilers fed the L1 and L2 diets had lower (p < 0.05) feed intake than those fed the NC diet. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was decreased (p < 0.05) in L1 treatment compared with NC treatment. Overall, the FCR was improved (p < 0.05) in all supplementation treatments compared with NC treatment. The apparently metabolizable nitrogen in L1 treatment was higher (p < 0.05) than that in NC treatment at day 28. The excreta Lactobacillus was increased and E. coli was decreased in PC and L2 treatments compared with NC treatment at day 28 (p < 0.05). The excreta NH₃, H₂S and acetic acid contents were decreased (p < 0.05) in L1 and L2 treatments compared with NC treatment. The relative weight of abdominal fat of broilers fed the PC diet was lowest (p < 0.05) compared with other treatments. In conclusion, this study indicated that dietary supplementation of 0.1% or 0.2% lactulose could improve growth performance, decrease excreta E. coli and excreta NH₃ and H₂S contents.     

车前草多糖对雏鸡血液生理生化指标和免疫器官发育的影响

为了研究车前草多糖对雏鸡血液生理生化指标和免疫器官发育的影响,笔者开展了本试验。选择1日龄未免疫白罗曼蛋公鸡100只,随机分为2组(每组50只),即车前草多糖灌喂组和生理盐水对照组。分别于给药后5、10、15、20、28d,每组随机抽取3只鸡,翼下静脉采血并剖杀,采集免疫器官(胸腺、脾脏、法氏囊),进行生理生化指标和免疫器官脏器指数测定及免疫器官组织学观察。试验结果表明,车前草多糖能显著刺激雏鸡的红细胞和白细胞生成,并能显著促进雏鸡免疫器官的发育。