氮肥运筹对农大108产量、氮肥利用率及土壤氮素平衡的影响

以农大108为试材,通过田间试验研究不同氮肥运筹方式对春玉米干物质积累、子粒产量、氮肥利用率及土壤氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,氮肥不同运筹方式增产效果差异显著,其中,1/3氮肥底施、2/3氮肥两次追肥(N3)处理增产效果最好,其次是1/4氮肥底施、3/4氮肥3次追肥(N4)处理,氮肥全部作底肥(N1)处理增产效果最小。分次施肥有利于子粒粗蛋白含量、子粒蛋白质产量以及氮肥利用率的提高;随着施肥次数的增加,子粒粗蛋白含量、子粒蛋白质产量以及氮肥利用率均呈上升趋势,以N4处理最佳,其次是N3处理。氮肥不同运筹方式氮素表观损失量差异显著,N1处理其表观损失量最高,N3处理最低。因此,N3处理有效促进了植株对氮素的吸收利用,显著增加了产量和子粒蛋白质产量,降低了氮素表观损失量,是最佳氮肥运筹方式。     

转Bt基因棉花品种与绿盲蝽危害相关的几个生理指标特征分析

研究了转Bt基因棉不同品种的生理代谢特征及其与棉盲蝽危害的关系。结果表明:在供试的6个棉花品种中,棉花绿盲蝽发生量和危害程度以转Bt基因杂交棉品种最高,转Bt基因常规棉品种次之,非转基因常规棉品种最低。顶芽和幼蕾的可溶性糖含量与绿盲蝽发生量和危害程度呈显著或极显著的正相关,而缩合单宁含量和PLA活性与之则呈显著或极显著的负相关。顶芽和幼蕾的可溶性糖含量以转Bt基因杂交棉品种最高,转Bt基因常规棉品种次之,非转基因常规棉品种最低;缩合单宁含量、PLA活性以非转基因常规棉品种最高,转Bt基因常规棉品种次之,转Bt基因杂交棉品种最低。棉花植株氮素积累量与顶芽和幼蕾的可溶性糖含量呈显著或极显著正相关,而与缩合单宁含量和PLA活性呈显著或极显著的负相关;蕾期和铃期的氮素积累量以转Bt基因杂交棉品种最高,转Bt基因常规棉品种次之,非转基因常规棉品种最低。上述结果表明,转Bt基因棉花品种(尤其是转Bt基因杂交棉品种)在蕾期和铃期的氮素积累量高,引起了顶芽和幼蕾的可溶性糖含量提高,缩合单宁含量和PLA活性降低。     

不同施氮量对甜椒碳、氮营养分配的影响

 通过水培试验，利用 N和”C双示踪技术研究了不同施氮量对甜椒结果期碳、氮营养分配的影响 结果表明：结果前期吸收的 N在低氮(NO3一N 2．5 mol·L～，NH4+一N 0．25 mol·L )营养处理下分配于果实中的比率高于中氮(NO；一N 5．0 mol·L～，NH —N 0．5 mol·L )和高氮(NO；一N 11．0 mol‘L～，NH4+一N 1．0 mol·L )营养处理。氮水平制约着 N在各器官中的分配和再运转，很少影响”C在器官间的分配，但却制约着”C的运转和再分配，表现为中氮营养最有利于 C向果实中的再运转。碳氮营养平衡有利于碳素向生殖器官的运转和积累，这是低氮营养产量前高后低，高氮营养产量前低后高，中氮营养前后期产量均较高的根本原因。     

Regulation of urease production in soil by microbial assimilation of nitrogen

Summary Studies of the effects of different forms of N on urease production in soils amended with organic C showed that although microbial activity, as measured by CO₂ production, was stimulated by the addition of NH₄ ⁺ or NO₃ ^- to C-amended soils (200 mol glucose-C g^–1 soil), urease production was repressed by these forms of N. The addition of L-methionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of inorganic N assimilation by microorganisms, relieved the NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^- repression of urease production in C-amended soil. The addition of sodium chlorate, an inhibitor of NO₃ ^- reduction to NH₄ ⁺ by microorganisms, relieved the NO₃ ^- repression of urease production, but did not eliminate the repression associated with NH₄ ⁺. These observations indicate that microbial production of urease in C-amended soils is not directly repressed by NH₄ ⁺ or NO₃ ^-, but by products formed by microbial assimilation of these forms of N. This conclusion is supported by our finding that the biologically active L-isomers of alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, and glutamine, repressed urease production in C-amended soil, whereas the D-isomers of these amino acids had little or no influence on urease production. This work suggests that urease synthesis by soil microorganisms is controlled by the global N regulon.     

不同氮肥用量与施肥时期对冷浸田单季稻 生长及农学效率的影响

冷浸田为福建省主要低产田类型之一。基于福建省浅脚烂泥田、青泥田与锈水田主要冷浸田类型,通过田间3个点试验研究不同氮肥用量(105、150与195 kg/hm~2)与施用时期(基蘖肥︰穗肥=10︰0与基蘖肥︰穗肥=7︰3)运筹组合对单季稻生长的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥促进了各类型冷浸田水稻分蘖期分蘖生长速率。不同氮肥组合的锈水田、青泥田与浅脚烂泥田水稻籽粒产量分别较不施肥(CK)增幅14.5%~45.5%、9.4%~13.5%和10.4%~15.9%,但在105 kg/hm~2用量基础上再进一步增施氮肥,籽粒增产效果明显放缓。施用氮肥显著增加了成熟期水稻有效穗数,但对每穗实粒数及千粒重影响不明显。105、150、195 kg/hm~2 3种氮肥用量下各类型冷浸田的农学效率均值分别为17.4、13.3与12.8 kg/kg。除浅脚烂泥田施用穗肥的秸秆产量有显著差异外,其余氮肥不同施肥时期的籽粒与秸秆产量均无显著差异。增施氮肥有提高籽粒氮的趋势,但同时降低了籽粒钾含量。鉴于冷浸田土壤氮素水平较高,单季稻氮肥经济用量宜控制在105~150 kg/hm~2中低水平,超过150 kg/hm~2,农学效率递减,且无明显增产效果。另从人工成本及效益考虑,宜选择基蘖肥︰穗肥=10︰0的施氮方式。     

施氮量对旱地胡麻养分积累、转运及氮素利用率的影响

通过田间试验,研究不同施氮量对胡麻产量、氮素积累转运及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明, 在本试验土壤肥力条件下,无论施氮与否,胡麻各器官不同生育阶段氮素养分吸收、累积和转运规律的基本趋势一致,但其变化量与施氮量有极大关系。施氮量为55.2kg/hm2时,叶和茎中的氮素向籽粒的转移量、转移率及对籽粒氮素的贡献率最大;叶中氮素向籽粒的转移量、转移率及贡献率要比茎高出89.18%、83.36%和86.36%。胡麻籽粒中47.10%～57.66%的氮素来源于叶,22.46%～30.94%的氮素来源于茎,21.00%～30.48%来自籽粒生长后期从土壤中的吸收。施氮量为27.6、55.2、82.8 kg/hm2时,胡麻籽粒产量分别比不施氮增加了10.21%、16.92%和15.55%。施氮量为27.6～55.2 kg/hm2时,氮肥的表观利用率、偏生产力分别为：51.10%～68.63%和51.54～97.16 kg• kg-1。本试验条件下,综合考虑产量、氮肥利用率及生态环境,施氮量在27.6～55.2 kg/hm2为宜。     

Soluble organic nitrogen in agricultural soils

 The existence of soluble organic forms of N in rain and drainage waters has been known for many years, but these have not been generally regarded as significant pools of N in agricultural soils. We review the size and function of both soluble organic N extracted from soils (SON) and dissolved organic N present in soil solution and drainage waters (DON) in arable agricultural soils. SON is of the same order of magnitude as mineral N and of equal size in many cases; 20–30 kg SON-N ha^–1 is present in a wide range of arable agricultural soils from England. Its dynamics are affected by mineralisation, immobilisation, leaching and plant uptake in the same way as those of mineral N, but its pool size is more constant than that of mineral N. DON can be sampled from soil solution using suction cups and collected in drainage waters. Significant amounts of DON are leached, but this comprises only about one-tenth of the SON extracted from the same soil. Leached DON may take with it nutrients, chelated or complexed metals and pesticides. SON/DON is clearly an important pool in N transformations and plant uptake, but there are still many gaps in our understanding. Received: 10 June 1999     

Evaluation of the RZWQM-CERES-Maize hybrid model for maize production

The root zone water quality model (RZWQM) was developed primarily for water quality research with a generic plant growth module primarily serving as a sink for plant nitrogen and water uptake. In this study, we coupled the CERES-Maize Version 3.5 crop growth model with RZWQM to provide RZWQM users with the option for selecting a more comprehensive plant growth model. In the hybrid model, RZWQM supplied CERES with daily soil water and nitrogen contents, soil temperature, and potential evapotranspiration, in addition to daily weather data. CERES-Maize supplied RZWQM with daily water and nitrogen uptake, and other plant growth variables (e.g., root distribution and leaf area index). The RZWQM-CERES hybrid model was evaluated with two well-documented experimental datasets distributed with DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer) Version 3.5, which had various nitrogen and irrigation treatments. Simulation results were compared to the original DSSAT-CERES-Maize model. Both models used the same plant cultivar coefficients and the same soil parameters as distributed with DSSAT Version 3.5. The hybrid model provided similar maize prediction in terms of yield, biomass and leaf area index, as the DSSAT-CERES model when the same soil and crop parameters were used. No overall differences were found between the two models based on the paired t test, suggesting successful coupling of the two models. The hybrid model offers RZWQM users access to a rigorous new plant growth model and provides CERES-Maize users with a tool to address soil and water quality issues under different cropping systems.     

Optimisation of fertiliser rates in crop production against energy use indicators

Optimising mineral nitrogen (N) use in crop production is inevitable target as mineral fertilisers reflect one of the highest inputs both in terms of economy and energy. The aim of the study was to compare the relationship between the rate of N fertiliser application and different measures of energy parameters exemplary data for spring-wheat in boreal climate condition in Estonia in 2006–2010. The effect of mineral N with rates 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg N ha⁻¹ was studied on the background of composted cow manure and without organic fertilisers. Univalent parameters, energy gain (EG) (energy output − energy input) and energy ratio (ER) (energy output/energy input) were calculated. To aggregate parameters with different units (ER and EG) we proposed two standardisation approaches for combined indices. ER maximisation gave both organic fertilisation background optimum N norms significantly lower than EG (p < 0.05) optimisation. Both the new combined indices gave optimum N norms in between the rate of ER an EG. Composted cow manure background did not affect mineral N optimisation significantly. We suggest optimisation of mineral N according to bi-dimensional parameters as they capture important features of production efficiency and are more objective using as advisory tool for sustainable production systems.     

Effect of Euchsaena mexicana Schrad Diets on Nutrient Digestibility and Nitrogen Metabolism for Wulong Goose

One trial was conducted to study nutrition digestibility of Euchsaena mexicana Schrad (EMC) diets for Wulong Goose.Thirty-two geese of 9 months old were selected and divided into four groups randomly, with eight geese in each group.Four groups were fed with the isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets of different EMC contents (12, 19, 25 and 31%),respectively. The results showed that, as dietary EMC increased, dry matter (DM) digestibility was decreased significantly,meanwhile the digestibility of crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) increased significantly (P＜0.05). The ratio of apparent essential amino acid (EAA) digestibility (except Leu) among the four groups had significant difference (P＜0.01). the content of NH3-N in feces dropped (P＞0.05). There were no significant differences in net protein utilization (NPU), N apparent digestibility, N deposition and Ca apparent digestibility in different groups (P＞0.05). The apparent digestibility of P in different groups elevated, while there was significant difference between group D and A (P＜0.01), and there was significant difference between group D and B (P＜0.05).