日本包膜缓释肥料养分释放及微结构研究

采用恒温水培试验,研究了日本生产的五种包膜肥料(LP40、LPS40、SC60、LPSS和LPSS100)氮素释放特性,用一级反应动力学方程进行拟合,并用扫描电镜观察了包膜肥料水培前后膜的微观结构。结果表明,包膜肥料的膜材料不同,氮素释放量也不同;包膜肥料的氮素释放率随着时间的延长而增加;这五种包膜肥料的氮素释放特征均可用一级反应动力学方程来描述,氮素释放速率常数与氮素释放率成正比,与氮素溶出的半时值成反比;扫描电镜的图像分析结果显示,水培后LPSS、SC60的膜外表面完整性要好于LP40,LPSS的膜剖面结构很紧实,阻水性能好。     

不同氮磷水平对南四湖区稻谷产量及肥料吸收利用的影响

为了确定南四湖区农田合理的氮磷肥投入量,减轻氮磷流失风险,对不同氮磷水平下稻田的稻谷产量及肥料吸收利用情况进行研究。结果表明,不施氮磷肥使耕层土壤氮磷含量明显下降,稻谷产量显著降低;减施30%氮磷肥显著提高了氮磷肥利用率,降低了稻谷产量。过量施用氮磷肥处理对稻谷产量无显著效果,且显著提高了耕层土壤硝态氮含量,明显降低了氮磷肥利用率,促进了水稻对氮素的积累,对水稻磷素积累无显著效果。稻谷氮磷累积量明显高于稻草,稻谷和稻草含氮量均随氮磷肥施用量的增加而增大。氮磷肥利用率随氮磷肥施用量的增加而降低。减施15%氮磷肥对土壤氮磷含量和稻谷产量均影响不大,显著提高了氮磷肥利用效率,降低了经济成本,减轻了氮磷素流失风险,是南四湖区稻田较好的氮磷肥施用模式。     

Impact of land-use types on soil nitrogen net mineralization in the sandstorm and water source area of Beijing,China

Changes of land-use type (LUT) can affect soil nutrient pools and cycling processes that relate long-term sustainability of ecosystem, and can also affect atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and global warming through soil respiration. We conducted a comparative study to determine NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ concentrations in soil profiles (0–200 cm) and examined the net nitrogen (N) mineralization and net nitrification in soil surface (0–20 cm) of adjacent naturally regenerated secondary forests (NSF), man-made forests (MMF), grasslands and cropland soils from the windy arid and semi-arid Hebei plateau, the sandstorm and water source area of Beijing, China. Cropland and grassland soils showed significantly higher inorganic N concentrations than forest soils. NO₃⁻-N accounted for 50–90% of inorganic N in cropland and grassland soils, while NH₄⁺-N was the main form of inorganic N in NSF and MMF soils. Average net N-mineralization rates (mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹) were much higher in native ecosystems (1.51 for NSF soils and 1.24 for grassland soils) than in human disturbed LUT (0.15 for cropland soils and 0.85 for MMF soils). Net ammonification was low in all the LUT while net nitrification was the major process of net N mineralization. For more insight in urea transformation, the increase in NH₄⁺ and, NO₃⁻ concentrations as well as C mineralization after urea addition was analyzed on whole soils. Urea application stimulated the net soil C mineralization and urea transformation pattern was consistent with net soil N mineralization, except that the rate was slightly slower. Land-use conversion from NSF to MMF, or from grassland to cropland decreased soil net N mineralization, but increased net nitrification after 40 years or 70 years, respectively. The observed higher rates of net nitrification suggested that land-use conversions in the Hebei plateau might lead to N losses in the form of nitrate.     

添加秸秆对土壤矿质氮量、微生物氮量和氮总矿化速率的影响

采用室内恒温培养法,研究了在乌沙土上添加15N标记秸秆后,秸秆15N在矿质氮、微生物氮和土壤不同组分中的分配情况,并应用氮同位素库稀释法测定了秸秆在乌沙土上的氮总矿化速率。结果表明:将秸秆添加到土壤后,微生物氮量显著增加,而土壤矿质氮量在14天时迅速下降。随着秸秆的分解,秸秆15N进入矿质氮库和微生物氮库,矿质15N在第7 d时最高,占到添加秸秆15N的6.7%,微生物15N在第14 d最高,占到添加秸秆15N的18.1%,随后矿质15N和微生物15N量都下降。56 d时,仍有50.8%的秸秆氮没有分解掉,5.4%的秸秆15N进入土壤53μm~2 mm组分,15.5%进入2~53μm组分,14.6%进入小于2μm组分,有13.6%的秸秆氮损失掉。在培养开始时,乌沙土的氮总矿化速率为2.81 mg kg-1d-1,秸秆在乌沙土上的氮总矿化速率分别为2.50 mg kg-1d-1。     

滇池流域农田土壤氮素流失影响因子研究

本试验采用田间原位模拟降雨并结合多元线性回归(逐步)的统计分析方法,分别在滇池流域的6个点位研究了旱季和雨季农田土壤的理化性质与氮素流失的关系。结果表明:各点位进行的模拟降雨的产流起始时间、产流历时和平均出水速度,在径流和渗漏两种流失方式下差异显著;两次径流试验中,质地为砂质黏壤土的C-2点(大渔乡元宝村)的初始产流强度和平均产流强度均最大。渗漏是氮素流失的主要方式,流失的形态主要是与NO3--N为主。土壤的孔隙度与降雨平均入渗率呈显著正相关,与径流中总氮(TN)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)的流失量呈负相关。0～20 cm的土壤硝态氮含量与地表径流和渗漏中总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO3--N)的流失量呈极显著的正相关,是影响氮素流失的最重要因子,且0～20 cm土壤有机质含量与氮素的流失量呈正相关,土壤pH、5～20 cm的土壤含水量均与TN及NO3--N的流失量呈负相关。0～5 cm土壤铵态氮与NH4+-N的流失量呈正相关。     

Impact of Boron Deficiency on Changes in Biochemical Attributes,Yield, and Seed Reserves in Chickpea

To determine the effect of boron (B) deficiency on biomass, reproductive yield, metabolism, and alterations in seed reserves of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cv. ‘13.G‐256,’ plants were grown in refined sand until maturity at deficient (0.033 mg L^?1) and adequate (0.33 mg L^?1) B, supplied as boric acid (H₃BO₃). Boron‐deficient plants exhibited visible deficiency symptoms in addition to reduced number of pods and seeds, resulting in lowered biomass and economic yield. Boron deficiency lowered the concentration of B in leaves and seeds, photosynthetic pigments (leaves), Hill reaction activity, starch (in leaves and seeds), and proteins and protein N (in seeds), whereas phenols, sugars (in leaves and seeds), and nonprotein N (in seeds) were elevated. Specific activity of peroxidase (POX) increased in leaves and pod wall and decreased in seeds, while activity of acid phosphate and ribonuclease were stimulated in leaves, seeds, and pod wall in B‐deficient chickpea.     

蔬菜与肥料中养分摩尔数比与作物生长及氮素利用的关系

生态化学计量学是研究生物系统能量平衡和多重化学元素(主要是碳、氮、磷、钾)平衡的科学。目前生态化学计量学的研究主要集中在水生生态系统和湿地生态系统,对陆地生态系统的研究相对较少。在我国,有关生态化学计量学的研究     

水肥耦合对冬小麦籽粒蛋白质及氨基酸含量的影响

为了解不同水、肥条件下小麦籽粒氨基酸及蛋白质含量的变化, 2009~2010 年度在河南省洛阳市农业科学院以“洛旱2 号”小麦为材料, 采用防雨棚池栽种植方式, 研究了不同灌水量、施氮和施磷量及其互作对小麦籽粒蛋白质及氨基酸含量的影响。结果表明: 不同灌水量和施氮量对小麦籽粒蛋白质和氨基酸均有极显著影响(P≤0.01), 且灌水×施氮互作效应显著(P≤0.05 或P≤0.01); 而施磷对其影响不显著。小麦籽粒蛋白质和氨基酸含量均随施氮量增加而增加, 随灌水量增加而降低, 但当灌水量超过282.0 mm、施氮量超过179.2 kg·hm^-2 时, 各指标的变化不再明显,蛋白质含量在高施氮量下略有下降。而必需氨基酸占总氨基酸含量的比例呈随灌水量增加而增加,随施氮量增加而降低的趋势。从不同水肥处理组合看, 蛋白质和氨基酸含量以处理组合N₁₀₅P₄₂W₁₂₇[施氮量105 kg(N)·hm^-2、施磷量42 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2 和全生育期灌水量127 mm, 下同]最高, 必需氨基酸/总氨基酸以处理组合N_30.8P₁₂₆W₂₈₂ 最高。籽粒产量随灌水量的增加而增加, 且产量高的处理其水分利用效率也较高。综合从蛋白质及氨基酸产量看, 以处理组合N_179.2P₁₂₆W₂₈₂ 表现最好, 即施氮量为179.2 kg·hm^-2、施磷量为126 kg·hm^-2、灌水量为282 mm。     

氮肥调控对白浆土水稻产量效益及氮肥利用效率的影响

在黑龙江省白浆土高中低肥力区设置水稻氮肥用量、施用次数及比例的田间小区试验,研究不同施氮方式对白浆土水稻产量效益及肥料利用效率的影响。结果表明,氮肥对水稻生长发育具有显著的影响。与氮肥一次性基施相比,采用适宜的氮肥用量与施肥方式水稻平均增产8.9%,增收1356元hm-2,增加农学效率5.1 kg kg-1。从水稻产量、效益及氮肥偏生产力和农学效率等方面综合考虑,白浆土水稻高产高效的氮肥施用方式是:在满足磷钾肥的基础上,中低肥力区氮肥用量应控制在130～165 kg hm-2,高肥力区氮肥用量应不超过130 kg hm-2,氮肥施用方式为40%N基肥+40%N分蘖肥+20%N穗肥三次施用。     

淹水条件下氨酸法生产颗粒有机无机复混肥养分缓释特性

采用直接淋洗和淹水培养间歇淋洗两种方法评价氨酸法生产颗粒有机无机复混肥的养分缓释特性。结果表明,对氨酸法生产有机无机复混肥造粒,有直接减缓其有机和无机养分释放的效应。在等氮水平下,不同种类有机无机复混肥累积淋失的氮量明显不同,且与淋失的有机碳量没有明显的相关关系,表明有机与无机养分的配比比例影响肥料的氮释放特性。在本研究中,造粒对氨酸法生产的有机和单一无机氮复混肥中氮养分的缓释效果最差,而对氮钾比为2∶1的两种肥料中有机和无机养分的缓释效果均相对较好。