Short and long‐term distribution with depth of soil organic carbon and nutrients under traditional and conservation tillage in a Mediterranean environment (southwest Spain)

The impacts of tillage and cropping sequences on soil organic matter and nutrients have been frequently reported to affect the uppermost soil layers, but there is little published information concerning effects at greater depth. This article reports results on the distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC), active carbon (AC), N, Olsen‐P and extractable K within 100 cm in short (4 yr) and long (16 yr) term experiments under different tillage systems. Short (TT₄) and long (TT₁₆) traditional tillage are compared with conservation tillage, reduced (RT₁₆) and non‐tillage (NT₄). The results show more accumulation of SOC in the near‐surface under RT₁₆ and NT₄ in both experiments compared with traditional tillage. Moreover, greater C content occurs to 40 cm depth in the long‐term experiment. The results demonstrate the importance of time on C accumulation, not only in near‐surface layers but also at greater depths. Active C is an indicator of the increase in soil quality in the long‐term experiment. This trend is only apparent for the first 10 cm in the short‐term experiment. Patterns in N, Olsen‐P and extractable K are similar to that of SOC. However, only extractable K is significantly greater in soil under conservation tillage (RT₁₆ and NT₄) after short and long periods. Potassium availability is a good indicator of the changes caused by tillage. Our results indicate that studies of soils at depth could be very useful in long‐term experiments to demonstrate the effect of conservation tillage on C and nutrient distribution.     

大球盖菇菌丝生长适宜氮源研究

研究了不同氮源对犬球盖菇菌丝生长的影响，结果表明大球盖菇菌丝生长最适氮源是尿素，其适宜浓度是0．026％；蛋白胨次之，其适宜浓度是0．1％；硫酸铵最差。大球盖菇菌丝生长对氮源浓度极敏感，低浓度氮促进菌丝生长，高浓度氮显著抑制菌丝生长。     

东北农牧交错带小尾寒羊集群放牧系统中钙、磷元素营养状况分析

对我国东北农牧交错带内小尾寒羊集群放牧生态系统中5、7、9月钙、磷元素的营养状况进行了分析。结果表明:牧地土壤中钙、磷元素的总平均含量分别为1.46%、178.88μg/g;小尾寒羊2种主食牧草中钙、磷元素的总平均含量分别为0.39%、256.26μg/g;小尾寒羊羊毛中钙元素的总平均含量为2111.45μg/g;小尾寒羊羊血中钙、磷元素的总平均含量分别为69.65μg/g、10.21μg/g;小尾寒羊羊骨中钙、磷元素的总平均含量分别为4.44%、2.45%。据此认为,在该交错带集群放牧的小尾寒羊不会发生钙缺乏症或中毒病,但可能发生磷缺乏症。     

2株优良天麻共生蜜环菌生长条件筛选

筛选出2株昭通本地天麻共生蜜环菌(SNA03、SNA04)菌索生长的最佳条件。采用单因素试验和正交试验法进行筛选,以生物量为考察指标。2株菌菌索生长的最适温度为25℃,暗培养下菌索生长速度最快;单糖(葡萄糖)为2菌株生长的最佳碳源,有机氮中的酵母膏和蛋白胨为最佳氮源,最适无机元素为K2SO4(SNA03)和KH2PO4(SNA04),最适维生素为VB2;最佳营养条件组合为葡萄糖∶酵母膏∶K2SO4(SNA03)或KH2PO4(SNA04)∶VB2=15g·L-1∶3g·L-1∶2g·L-1∶0.005g·L-)1,氮源(酵母膏)是影响菌索生长的最主要因素。来自昭通的2株天麻共生蜜环菌对营养和环境条件的要求基本一致。最佳生长条件的确定,对昭通蜜环菌快速工业化制种及天麻的大规模生产将起到一定的推动作用。     

Evaluation of unconstrained and constrained mathematical functions to model girth growth of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) using young age measurements

No attempt has been made to date to model growth in girth of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliansis). We evaluated the few widely used growth functions to identify the most parsimonious and biologically reasonable model for describing the girth growth of young rubber trees based on an incomplete set of young age measurements. Monthly data for girth of immature trees (age 2 to 12 years) from two locations were subjected to modelling. Reparameterized, unconstrained and constrained growth functions of Richards (RM), Gompertz (GM) and the monomolecular model (MM) were fitted to data. Duration of growth was the constraint introduced. In the first stage, we attempted a population average (PA) model to capture the trend in growth. The best PA model wasfitted as a subject specific (SS) model. We used appropriate error variance-covariance structure to account for correlation due to repeated measurements over time. Unconstrained functions underestimated the asymptotic maximum that did not reflect the carrying capacity of the locations. Underestimations were attributed to the partial set of measurements made during the early growth phase of the trees. MM proved superior to RM and GM. In the random coefficient models, both Gf and G0 appeared to be influenced by tree level effects. Inclusion of diagonal definite positive matrix removed the correlation between random effects.The results were similar at both locations. In the overall assessment MM appeared as the candidate model for studying the girth-age relationships in Hevea trees. Based on the fitted model we conclude that, in Hevea trees, growth rate is maintained at maximum value at t0, then decreases until the final state at dG/dt ≥ 0, resulting in yield curve with no period of accelerating growth. One physiological explanation is that photosynthetic activity in Hevea trees decreases as girth increases and constructive metabolism is larger than destructive metabolism.     

Short Root Densities and Surface Phosphatase Activities of Ectomycorrhizal Morphotypes in a Slash Pine Plantation

Abstract

Mineralization is the dominant process controlling soil-solution P in the Spodosols of the southeastern United States. Pine trees growing in these soils are typically colonized by ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi that are known to produce phosphatases. Little, however, is known of the dynamics of EM short roots or phosphatase activity in tree plantations. To address this question, short root densities, EM morphotypes, and associated surface acid phosphomonoesterase in a 12-year-old Pinus elliottii plantation in northern Florida were evaluated. The density of total (living and dead) short roots changed little from February through June, with a mean of 7.6 cm³ soil. The majority of the short roots, however, were inactive or dead with only 14 to 38% appearing viable upon visual inspection. The majority of the viable short roots were mycorrhizal. The most abundant morphotypes were formed by Cenococcum and Thelephora but these had low phosphatase activity. In contrast, less frequently observed morphotypes had substantially higher rates of enzyme production and these may play an important role in sustainable P nutrition of plantation trees.     

Pulverizing Soils for Laboratory Analysis

Soil-testing laboratories utilize a range of grinder types to pulverize soils for laboratory analysis. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of soil particle diameter and laboratory subsample size on analysis variability on nitrate, Bray 1 extractable phosphorus (P), extractable potassium (K), and soil organic matter (SOM). Four soils collected for the Agricultural Laboratory Proficiency Program were pulverized using four types of commercial grinders and analyzed for particle-size distribution, P, and K. In a second study, soils were pulverized to pass sieves of 2.0, 1.0, and 0.50 mm and subsampled for P, K, and SOM. Results of the commercial grinders indicate a range in mean particle diameters from 0.15 to 0.60 mm, with the lowest for the grinder utilizing a hammer mill design. Sieve-size analysis results indicate that the coarsest 2.0-mm fraction had the largest variability for all soil analyses evaluated. Analyte variability decreased with decreasing sieve size. Mean Bray P, K, and SOM-LOI (Loss-on-Ignition) mean concentrations were not statistically significantly different across the sieve sizes evaluated. Laboratory analysis variability for extractable Bray P increased as subsample size was reduced.     

基于两层次线性混合效应模型的杉木林单木胸径生长量模型

基于两层次线性混合效应模型方法,建立江西省杉木人工林单木胸径生长量模型.研究所用数据来自于长期观测的固定样地数据,数据库包括82个区域、365个样地、5416株树木共计16248条记录.为了解决不同区域及不同样地之间的差异,本文构建的混合模型分别考虑样地层次、区域层次及两层次的随机参数效应.针对数据存在的重复测量及嵌套结构特性,在模拟时选择合适的异方差和自相关模型矩阵来解决此类问题.最后利用独立的抽样验证数据对模拟结果进行验证.结果表明:林分断面积、对象木胸径、林分内大于对象木的断面积之和与对象木胸径的比值以及海拔对单木胸径生长量有显著影响.与林业中常用的传统最小二乘方法相比,采用混合效应模型方法后模型的模拟精度和验证精度均有提高.选择适合的异方差和自相关函数后,模型比只考虑参数的随机效应有更好的适应性,并体现出了混合效应模型的灵活性和准确性.