施用氮肥对甜菜产质量的影响

试验结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,甜菜根产量的增加趋势是平缓的,当施氮量达到150kg/hm2,根产量不再增加;随施氮量的增加,茎叶产量明显增加,茎叶重与根重比也增大,同时糖浸出液中钾、钠等不纯性物质的含量增加,导致含糖率下降,产糖量降低。     

荔枝花芽分化期间光合特性与碳氮物质变化

荔枝花芽分化分为诱导、发端和分化3个阶段。试验以早中熟品种‘妃子笑’和中熟品种‘桂味’为试材,对荔枝花芽分化不同物候阶段叶片净光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素指数(SPAD)、荧光参数和碳氮物质等生理指标的变化规律进行研究。结果表明：‘妃子笑’的成花进程早于‘桂味’品种,但2个品种在整个花芽分化期间的相关生理指标均呈相似变化趋势,Pn和SPAD在诱导期和抽穗期水平较低,“白点”期和花蕾期有所增加,而荧光参数恰好相反;荔枝成花期间,其可溶性总糖含量在“白点”期阶段水平最低,而淀粉和总氮含量呈相反趋势,在“白点”期达到最高值。可见,不同荔枝品种的光合特性与碳氮物质变化受其花芽分化的阶段性影响更大,而“白点”期是荔枝碳氮物质变化较为关键的转折点。     

Is crop N demand more closely related to dry matter accumulation or leaf area expansion during vegetative growth?

The critical crop nitrogen uptake is defined as the minimum nitrogen uptake necessary to achieve maximum biomass accumulation (W). Across a range of crops, the critical N uptake is related to W by a power function with a coefficient less than unity that suggests crop N uptake is co-regulated by both soil N supply and biomass accumulation. However, crop N demand is also often linearly related to the expansion of the leaf area index (LAI) during the vegetative growth period. This suggests that crop N demand could be also linked with LAI extension. In this paper, we develop theory to combine these two concepts within a common framework. The aim of this paper is to determine whether generic relationships between N uptake, biomass accumulation, and LAI expansion could be identified that would be robust across both species and environment types. To that end, we used the framework to analyze data on a range of species, including C₃ and C₄ ones and mono- and di-cotyledonous crops. All crops were grown in either temperate or tropical and subtropical environments without limitations on N supply. The relationship between N uptake and biomass was more robust, across environment types, than the relationship of LAI with biomass. In general, C₃ species had a higher N uptake per unit biomass than C₄ species, whereas dicotyledonous species tended to have higher LAI per unit biomass than monocotyledonous ones. Species differences in N uptake per unit biomass were partly associated with differences in LAI and N-partitioning. Consequently the critical leaf-N uptake per unit LAI (specific leaf nitrogen, SLN) was relatively constant across species at 1.8–2.0 g m⁻², a value that was close to published data on the critical SLN of new leaves at the top of the canopy. Our results indicate that critical N uptake curves as a function of biomass accumulation may provide a robust platform for simulating N uptake of a species. However, if crop simulation models are to capture the genotypic and environmental control of crop N dynamics in a physiologically functional manner, plant growth has to be considered as the sum of a metabolic (e.g. leaves) and a structural (e.g. stems) compartment, each with its own demand for metabolic and structural N.     

The cost of uncertainty for nitrogen fertilizer management: A sensitivity analysis

Uncertainties in soil nitrogen (N) supply and crop N demand present a challenge to farmers deciding on N fertilizer rates. While field studies have documented the improvements in N use efficiency possible with site-specific N management approaches that address these uncertainties, a general understanding of the importance of uncertainty across a wide range of cropping systems is yet to emerge. Here a general model of N rate decision-making is presented which computes the optimal N rate that maximizes expected profit given uncertainties in N supply and demand. The cost of uncertainty is measured as the difference in N rate when soil N supply and crop N demand are unknown versus known perfectly. Eliminating uncertainty in soil N supply (but not crop demand) would reduce average N rates by 5–15% in typical irrigated rice systems, 10–30% in wheat, and 20–40% in maize. Perfect knowledge of potential crop N demand (but not soil supply) would reduce rates by 3–10% in all systems. Simultaneous knowledge of both factors reduced N rates by significantly more than the sum of their individual effects, reflecting important interactions between supply and demand uncertainties. This indicates that the value of information for one factor is inversely related to the level of uncertainty in the other. Studies that separately consider information on soil N supply or crop N demand may therefore underestimate the total benefit of management approaches that address both these uncertainties. Site-specific N management could lead to substantial reductions of N rates without yield loss in a wide range of cropping systems, thereby improving profitability and environmental quality.     

Organic carbon and nitrogen in soil particle-size aggregates under dry tropical forests from Guanacaste,Costa Rica — Implications for within-site soil organic carbon stabilization

In this study we report results on the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool (0–50 cm) from a chrono-sequence of dry tropical forest (dTf) of increasing age and a yearly burned ancient pasture in the “Sector Santa Rosa” at the “Área de Conservación Guanacaste” (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica, where intense human induced land-use modifications has occurred during the past century. The effects of land conversion on soil organic carbon (SOC) have mainly been conducted in the Atlantic humid forests while overlooking dTfs. We quantified the depth distribution of SOC concentration down to 50-cm and in physically separated mineral soil fractions, as these data are scanty from the dTf. Additional objectives were to identify the relationship with selected soil physical and chemical properties, including stabilized SOC fractions by means of multivariate ordination methods. Statistically significant differences were found for the main fixed factor ecosystem for all soil variables analyzed (ANOVA). SOC and N concentrations were significantly higher in the oldest dTf compared to the other dTfs. Soil physical properties like aggregate size distribution and bulk density changed with depth, and varied significantly among the three dTf stands sampled. The multivariate analysis, i.e. between-within class principal component analysis (PCA), revealed a significant ordination of dTfs (P < 0.0001). The SOC concentration decreased in particle size fractions of < 200 μm aggregates with increasing soil depth. The lowest and highest C concentrations were obtained in the fine sand (105–200 μm) and clay + silt (< 20 μm) fractions, respectively. Mineral-associated and stable SOC pool increased with depth, and poorly crystalline Fe oxides and ferrihydrite were the most important minerals for SOC stabilization at 40–50 cm depth. The highest SOC pool was found in the old-growth and > 80 years-old dTfs, i.e., 228.9 and 150.3 Mg C ha^− 1, respectively, values similar to those obtained in the Atlantic humid forests of Costa Rica. Comparatively to other studies, soils under dTf at Santa Rosa store a considerable amount of SOC with potentially large CO2 emissions if this ecosystem is not preserved.     

氮肥不同施用时期对春玉米早衰的影响

采用盆栽试验研究氮肥不同施用时期下春玉米早衰特性。结果表明,合理的增加追肥次数能提高穗粒数和千粒重,进而提高玉米的籽粒产量。当氮肥分别在基施、拔节期与大喇叭口期1∶3∶1施用时,春玉米生育后期的穗叶叶绿素含量和SOD活性较一次性基施有不同程度的提高,而叶片形态指标和丙二醛(MDA)含量却降低,有效地延缓了玉米的衰老。对照(无氮肥)处理的穗叶叶绿体破裂解体,基粒和基质片层结构膨胀,导致叶片的叶绿素含量下降、光合能力降低而出现早衰。     

紫外分光光度法在杂交棉氮素营养诊断中的应用研究

在滴灌条件下,应用紫外分光光度法测定了杂交棉不同生育期叶柄硝酸盐含量,对杂交棉氮素营养诊断及氮肥推荐进行了田间试验。结果表明:杂交棉在现蕾期、初花期、盛铃期和铃期的倒4叶叶柄硝酸盐含量与施氮量之间呈极显著线性相关,各生育期叶柄硝酸盐含量与产量之间也具有极显著相关性,由此确定了杂交棉现蕾期、初花期、盛铃期和铃期的硝酸盐临界值,分别为18596.3、2625.7、3431.3和2462.8 mg L-1;用一元二次模型模拟氮肥与产量之间的关系,得到在滴灌条件下,最佳产量为6413.7 kg hm-2,对应的最佳施氮量为348.1 kg hm-2;根据杂交棉各生育期叶柄硝酸盐浓度与施氮量和产量之间的关系,建立了各生育期氮肥推荐模型。     

大气湿度与氮肥水平对冬小麦形态建成及水分利用效率的影响

通过大型智能人工气候箱中的盆栽试验, 研究了35%RH、85%RH 两个大气湿度与0、150 mg·kg^-1、300 mg·kg^-1 3 个氮肥水平对冬小麦株高、分蘖数、叶面积、干物质积累以及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明: 高大气湿度能够增加冬小麦株高和叶面积, 但对冬小麦分蘖在不施氮和中施氮时表现出负效应; 大气湿度对冬小麦干物质量的影响取决于氮肥施用水平, 中施氮时, 高大气湿度可显著提高冬小麦生物量并降低其根冠比; 高大气湿度可显著降低冬小麦水分消耗量, 中、高施氮水平下提高水分利用效率, 且施氮肥处理显著高于不施氮肥处理。     

华北山前平原农田生态系统氮通量与调控

针对华北太行山前平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田, 研究农田常规施肥[400 kg(N)·hm^-2·a^-1]条件下作物氮素吸收与损失通量过程, 并根据各氮素输出通量特征开展管理调控。研究结果表明, 全年小麦-玉米轮作农田系统氮输入总量为561~580 kg(N)·hm^-2, 输出量468~494 kg(N)·hm^-2, 两季作物总盈余86~93 kg(N)·hm^-2, 其中有机氮为24~36 kg·hm^-2。氨挥发和NO₃^--N 淋溶损失是该区域农田氮素损失的主要途径, 是氮肥利用率低的重要原因。平均每年因氨挥发而造成的肥料氮损失量为60 kg(N)·hm^-2, NO₃^--N 淋溶损失量为47~84kg(N)·hm^-2, 两者占施肥总量的30%。每年因硝化-反硝化过程造成的肥料损失很小, 仅为5.0~8.7 kg(N)·hm^-2。通过施肥后适时灌水、合理调控灌水时间与用量, 以及利用秸秆还田与肥料混合施用等管理措施可改善氮素的迁移和转化规律, 有效减少氨挥发和NO₃^--N 淋溶损失, 并结合缓/控释肥与精准施肥技术, 充分利用土壤本身矿质氮素, 可有效提高养分利用效率和作物产量, 改善农田生态环境与促进农业持续和谐发展。     

Oxygen exchange with water alters the oxygen isotopic signature of nitrate in soil ecosystems

Combined oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N) stable isotope analyses are commonly used in the source determination of nitrate . The source and fate of are studied based on distinct O and N isotopic signatures (δ¹⁸O and δ¹⁵N) of various sources and isotopic effects during transformation processes, which differ between sources like fertilizer, atmospheric deposition, and microbial production (nitrification). Isotopic fractionation during production and consumption of further affects the δ¹⁸O and δ¹⁵N signal. Regarding the δ¹⁸O in particular, biochemical O exchange between O from and H₂O is implicitly assumed not to affect the δ¹⁸O signature of . This study aimed to test this assumption in soil-based systems. In a short (24 h) incubation experiment, soils were treated with artificially ¹⁸O and ¹⁵N enriched . Production of from nitrification during the incubation would affect both the ¹⁸O and the ¹⁵N enrichment. Oxygen exchange could therefore be studied by examining the change in ¹⁸O relative to the ¹⁵N. In two out of the three soils, we found that the imposed ¹⁸O enrichment of the declined relatively more than the imposed enrichment. This implies that O exchange indeed affected the O isotopic signature of , which has important implications for source determination studies. We suggest that O exchange between and H₂O should be taken into consideration when interpreting the O isotopic signature to study the origin and fate of in ecosystems.