旅游活动对黄龙风景区水质的影响：以PO43-、NO3-离子为例

为了探索日益增强的旅游活动是否会对黄龙水质产生影响,从2010年4月下旬到11月上旬,以泉水中保守离子Sr2＋作为示踪剂,采用野外自动监测、水样采集和室内分析相结合的方法,对黄龙风景区溪流水中Sr2＋、PO43-、NO3-等离子质量浓度做了一个旅游季节的监测;结果表明,在补给泉和相应景点间,水中磷酸盐质量浓度变化趋势呈现明显的差异性,且后者比前者均有所升高,其年平均值在5个景点分别升高2.65、1.94、0.91、0.11和1.35倍,而示踪剂Sr2＋离子质量浓度变化趋势则正好相反,说明黄龙风景区溪流水磷酸盐浓度已受到不同程度的外源污染;进一步对比分析各景点磷酸盐、硝酸盐质量浓度与同期游客人数间的关系,结果发现两者间变化趋势呈现明显的一致性;为了排除偶然性因素影响,笔者于2011年对水中磷酸盐质量浓度重新做了上述观测,结果与2010年相似;因此可以推断,黄龙景区溪流水中磷酸盐、硝酸盐质量浓度已明显受到过度旅游活动的影响.     

基于稳定同位素和贝叶斯模型的引黄灌区地下水硝酸盐污染源解析

地下水硝酸盐（NO₃^-）污染已经成为全球严重的水环境问题之一,由于饮用水中高含量NO₃^-会转化成亚硝酸盐而增加各种疾病和癌症风险,其来源的确定对于NO₃^-污染的预防和控制非常重要。本文以黄河下游第二大灌区——潘庄灌区为例,首次采用NO₃^-的氮氧稳定同位素结合贝叶斯模型追溯地下水NO₃^-的来源并量化各种来源的贡献比例。结果表明,地下水NO₃^-含量分布在0.1~197.0 mg·L^-1,平均值为34.2 mg·L^-1。与《生活饮用水卫生标准》中规定的地下水NO₃^-最大含量[20 mg（N）·L^-1,相当于NO₃^-含量90 mg·L^-1]相比,有10%的样品NO₃^-含量超标。井深<30 m、30~60 m和>60 m的地下水NO₃^-平均含量分别为25.9 mg·L^-1、39.7 mg·L^-1和20.1 mg·L^-1。空间上,宁津县、武城县、平原县和禹城市有大片区域地下水NO₃^-含量较高。地下水NO₃^-的δ¹⁵N组成范围为0.72‰~23.93‰,平均值为11.62‰;δ¹⁸O组成范围为0.49‰~22.50‰,平均值为8.46‰。同位素结果表明粪便和污水、农业化肥是地下水中NO₃^-的主要污染来源。这反映了人类活动是引起地下水NO₃^-污染的主要原因。贝叶斯模型结果显示,粪便和污水对潘庄灌区地下水中NO₃^-平均贡献率高达56.2%,化肥的平均贡献率为19.3%,大气降水和土壤的平均贡献率分别为6.2%和12.3%。由于污水、粪便和化肥是地下水中NO₃^-的主要来源,为保护和改善研究区地下水水质,建议加强污水管道建设,强化畜禽粪便的管理以及提高化肥利用效率。     

不同形态氮肥对紫花苜蓿生长、硝酸盐转运蛋白基因MtNRT1.3表达及氮吸收的影响

为了探讨豆科牧草对不同形态氮素的吸收,以紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）为试验材料,通过盆栽试验探究不同形态氮肥对紫花苜蓿生长、硝酸盐转运蛋白基因MtNRT1.3表达和氮吸收的影响。试验设有4个处理,分别为不施氮处理（对照组,Con）、施铵态氮（NH₄Cl—T1）、硝态氮（NaNO₃—T2）和混合氮（铵态氮、硝态氮1：1混合—T3）,各形态氮肥施加总量为按纯氮250 mg（每1 kg土）。试验结果表明,施氮处理提高了紫花苜蓿中的氮含量,施加各种氮肥均提高了紫花苜蓿根中MtNRT1.3基因的表达量,且该基因的表达量与土壤铵态氮和硝态氮呈正相关性（P<0.01）。相比于铵态氮肥,施加硝态氮肥不但可增加植株中硝态氮含量,而且能提高植株铵态氮含量;相比于单施硝态氮和铵态氮肥,混合氮肥对提高植株氮含量效果最好;施加硝态氮肥更有利于紫花苜蓿地上部分生物量的累积。因此,对紫花苜蓿施加氮肥应重视铵态氮和硝态氮的比例,增加硝态氮的比例更有利于紫花苜蓿的生长和对氮素的吸收。     

叶面喷施寡糖对生菜生长和品质的调节作用

为探究不同单一寡糖和复配寡糖对作物生长发育、产量及品质的影响,选择生长周期较短的生菜品种“意大利耐抽薹”作为研究对象,以80mg·L-1的纤维寡糖（ZH-A）、低聚木糖（ZH-B）、甲壳低聚糖（ZH-C）和以上3种寡糖等质量比的复配寡糖（ZH-M）以及多糖海藻酸钠（GY-D）对定植后的生菜进行4次叶面喷施处理,以喷清水为对照（CK）。从定植后的第3天（三叶一心）开始,每隔2d连续喷施4次,至采收期（定植23d）测定生菜的生长特征（生物量、叶面积、荧光光合）、根系表型特征（根长、根表面积、根体积）以及品质特征（可溶性糖、叶绿素、Vc、硝酸盐）。结果表明：单一寡糖、复配寡糖及海藻酸钠多糖处理均能显著增加生菜生物量;纤维寡糖（ZH-A）对促进根系生长及降低硝酸盐含量具有显著效果;甲壳低聚糖（ZH-C）对叶绿素含量、最大光化学效率Fv/Fm及可溶性糖含量有显著的提高作用;复配寡糖对生菜地上部、地下部及品质的增长和提升效果明显优于单一寡糖和多糖,采收期地上部鲜重及叶面积分别增加52.58%和57.60%,根干重、总根长、总体积及总表面积分别增加35.07%、89.10%、49.23%和40.68%,可溶性糖增加25.20%,叶绿素含量增加21.50%,Vc含量提高12.08%,硝酸盐含量降低27.65%。综上可知,不同寡糖对生菜生长特征和生理性状的作用效果和调控机制具有明显差异;复配寡糖对生菜促生长和提品质的调节效果显著优于单一寡糖。     

Tree girdling increases soil N mineralisation in two spruce stands

Tree girdling is a common practice in forestry whenever trees are to be killed without felling. The effect of tree girdling on soil nitrogen (N) mineralisation was estimated in both an old and a young spruce forest. The dynamics of mineral N (NO₃⁻–N and NH₄⁺–N) and soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and N (MBN) were determined for different seasons. The in situ net N mineralisation was measured by incubating soil samples in stainless steel cylinders and the gross N mineralisation rates were measured by ¹⁵N pool dilution method. Mineral N concentrations increased significantly in the girdled plots in both old and young spruce forests and showed variations between soil horizons and between sampling times. Tree girdling significantly increased net N mineralisation in both spruce forests. Annual net N mineralisation was 64 and 39 kg N ha⁻¹ in O horizon of the girdled plots in old and young forest plots, respectively, compared to 25 and 21 kg N ha⁻¹ in the control plots. Annual N mineralisation in A horizon was similar between girdled and control plots (31 kg N ha⁻¹) in the old forest whereas in the young forest A horizon N mineralisation was about 2.5 times higher in the girdled plots. As a result, the annual carbon budget was significantly more positive in the girdled plots than in the control plots in both old and young forests. However, we found significantly higher gross N mineralisation rates in both horizons in the control plots than the girdled plots in the old forest, but no differences between the treatments in the young forest. The MBC and MBN contents only showed significant changes during the first three months of the experiment and were similar later on. They first decreased as girdling removed the root carbohydrate, amino and organic acid exudation from the C sources for microorganisms then increased two months after the treatment root dieback acted as a new source of C. Mineralising microorganisms enhanced the mineral N concentrations in girdled plots as a result of greater activity rather than larger population size.     

甘氨酸浓度对普通白菜幼苗生长及氮代谢关键酶活性的影响

为了探讨不同浓度甘氨酸态氮对普通白菜幼苗生长和氮代谢的影响,在水培条件下比较了2个普通白菜品种(华王和五月慢)4个甘氨酸(Gly)浓度水平下(0、2.5、5.0、10.0、20.0mmol·L~()-1))全株干质量、总氮含量、总碳含量及氮代谢关键酶活性的差异。结果表明,2个普通白菜品种幼苗干质量、总氮含量、总碳含量及氮代谢关键酶活性均随着甘氨酸浓度的增加呈先上升后降低的趋势;2.5~10.0mmol·L~()-1)处理下2个普通白菜品种幼苗干质量、总氮含量、总碳含量、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性、谷氨酸合成酶活性及根系硝酸还原酶活性、根系谷草转氨酶活性、根系谷丙转氨酶活性大多显著高于对照;20.0mmol·L~()-1)处理下2个普通白菜品种幼苗干质量、总碳含量、总氮含量及大部分酶活性基本与对照差异不显著,其中五月慢幼苗干质量、地上部总氮含量、地上部和根系总氮含量显著低于对照。综上,适宜浓度的甘氨酸态氮处理下植株较高的GS、GOGA活性及根系NR、GOT、GPT活性有利于普通白菜对甘氨酸的同化利用,从而促进普通白菜的生长和碳氮积累。     

杂交稻和常规稻生育后期追施N03-N和NH4-N的生理效应

The three strategies rank similarly for all processes of the N cycle. Strategy 1 generates soil water content conditions favourable to denitrification and nitrate leaching and less favourable to mineralisation and nitrification, leading to a low NO⁻₃ availability for the crop, and thus a low nitrate uptake. Strategy 1 minimizes the water stress but induces the maximum nitrogen stress. At the other extreme is strategy 3, whereas strategy 2 has an intermediate position, but closer, however, to strategy 3 than 1. A direct conclusion would suggest avoiding strategy 1 and choosing strategy 3.     

Control of nitrate leaching from a Nitrate Vulnerable Zone using paper mill waste

Abstract. The effects on nitrate leaching of incorporation of paper mill waste at three cultivation depths in fields previously cropped to iceberg lettuce and calabrese are reported. In the lettuce experiment, incorporation of 40 t DM paper mill waste/ha resulted in a decrease in N leaching (measured with suction cups) from 177 to 94 kg/ha (S.E._d= 23). Deep ploughing with and without paper waste increased N leaching from 105 kg/ha (normal ploughing or surface incorporation) to 172 kg/ha (S. E. _d= 27). Measurements of nitrate leaching using deep soil cores showed a less clear cut effect. Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions were very high immediately after paper waste was ploughed in to a depth of 35 cm. Non–significant increases in biomass N content were measured in the spring following paper waste application. There was no significant reduction in plant N uptake in subsequent crops. Removal of above–ground crop residues did not have a significant effect on nitrate leaching or N₂O losses. In the calabrese experiment, application of 40 t DM paper mill waste/ha followed by summer cropping with iceberg lettuce caused a decrease in N leaching (measured using deep soil cores) from 227 to 152 kg/ha (S. E._d= 22, mean of all cultivation treatments).     

氮素不同水平对莴苣硝酸盐积累的影响

试验以莴苣为试验材料,采用基质培方法,研究了氮素不同供应水平对莴苣硝酸盐积累的影响.结果表明:在供试条件下,随着氮素供应水平的提高,莴苣中的硝酸盐含量、硝酸还原酶活性和单株产量都随之而增加;在总氮供应水平超过3.2mmol/L(N3)以后,硝酸盐含量超出了食用的安全范围,故总氮供应水平以3.2mmol/L(N3)为宜.