氮磷钾不同配比对饲用稻威优198产量及糙米蛋白含量的影响

采用田间小区试验研究“推荐配比”(N:P2O5:K2O比率为190:90:100 kg hm-2)、“高氮量配比”(N:P2O5:K2O比率为210:90:100 kg hm-2)、“低氮量配比”(N:P2O5:K2O比率为170:90:100 kg hm-2)以及“常规配比”(N:P2O5:K2O比率为216:112.5:202.5 kg hm-2)4种氮、磷、钾配比施肥对饲用稻威优198蔗糖合成酶(SUS)、腺苷二磷酸焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)以及产量和糙米蛋白质的影响。结果表明:“推荐配比”能提高不同生育时期水稻功能叶(旗叶)和粒籽中碳、氮代谢关键酶的活性,这些关键酶活性的变化显著影响水稻产量和糙米全氮以及蛋白氮的含量。统计(P0.05)结果证实“推荐配比”能提高水稻产量达到8200 kg hm-2,与“常规配比”相比产量提高了24.81%;“推荐配比”糙米全氮和蛋白氮含量分别达到22.70 g kg-1和21.98 g kg-1,与“常规配比”相比差异显著,并且其全氮和蛋白氮含量分别提高17.01%,18.38%。     

水肥耦合对华北高产农区小麦-玉米产量和土壤硝态氮淋失风险的影响

在封丘农田生态系统国家试验站, 通过多组水肥组合试验, 研究了冬小麦-夏玉米轮作下, 水、肥对作物产量、硝态氮在土壤剖面中的分布特征及其淋失风险的影响。结果表明, 适宜灌溉情况下, 氮磷配施是提高作物产量的关键, 氮钾配施与磷钾配施增产效果不明显。统计结果表明, 各因素对小麦产量影响次序依次为氮肥≥磷肥＞灌溉＞钾肥, 对玉米产量的影响次序为氮肥＞磷肥＞钾肥＞灌溉, 只有氮磷对作物产量的影响达到统计学上的显著性差异。随着施氮量和灌溉量的增加, 硝态氮累积峰峰值增加, 峰厚度加厚, 出现位置加深, 且根区外硝态氮含量亦显著增加, 极大地提高了硝态氮的淋失风险。适宜氮肥用量与适宜灌溉是减轻硝态氮淋失风险的关键, 氮磷配施可有效降低深层土壤硝态氮累积。研究区域适宜氮肥用量为每年400 kg(N)·hm^-2,适宜磷肥用量为每年225 kg( P₂O₅)·hm^-2, 一般降雨年型全年灌溉量以280 mm 左右为宜。     

基于稳定同位素和贝叶斯模型的引黄灌区地下水硝酸盐污染源解析

地下水硝酸盐（NO₃^-）污染已经成为全球严重的水环境问题之一,由于饮用水中高含量NO₃^-会转化成亚硝酸盐而增加各种疾病和癌症风险,其来源的确定对于NO₃^-污染的预防和控制非常重要。本文以黄河下游第二大灌区——潘庄灌区为例,首次采用NO₃^-的氮氧稳定同位素结合贝叶斯模型追溯地下水NO₃^-的来源并量化各种来源的贡献比例。结果表明,地下水NO₃^-含量分布在0.1~197.0 mg·L^-1,平均值为34.2 mg·L^-1。与《生活饮用水卫生标准》中规定的地下水NO₃^-最大含量[20 mg（N）·L^-1,相当于NO₃^-含量90 mg·L^-1]相比,有10%的样品NO₃^-含量超标。井深<30 m、30~60 m和>60 m的地下水NO₃^-平均含量分别为25.9 mg·L^-1、39.7 mg·L^-1和20.1 mg·L^-1。空间上,宁津县、武城县、平原县和禹城市有大片区域地下水NO₃^-含量较高。地下水NO₃^-的δ¹⁵N组成范围为0.72‰~23.93‰,平均值为11.62‰;δ¹⁸O组成范围为0.49‰~22.50‰,平均值为8.46‰。同位素结果表明粪便和污水、农业化肥是地下水中NO₃^-的主要污染来源。这反映了人类活动是引起地下水NO₃^-污染的主要原因。贝叶斯模型结果显示,粪便和污水对潘庄灌区地下水中NO₃^-平均贡献率高达56.2%,化肥的平均贡献率为19.3%,大气降水和土壤的平均贡献率分别为6.2%和12.3%。由于污水、粪便和化肥是地下水中NO₃^-的主要来源,为保护和改善研究区地下水水质,建议加强污水管道建设,强化畜禽粪便的管理以及提高化肥利用效率。     

Influence of Nitrate:Ammonium Ratios on Growth and Elemental Concentration in Two Azalea Cultivars

Abstract

Rooted cuttings of Rhododendron canescens “Brook” and Rhododendron austrinum were grown in sand culture with a modified Hoagland's solution under greenhouse conditions. The effect of varying ammonium:nitrate (NO₃ ^?:NH₄ ⁺) ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100) on growth, chlorophyll content, plant quality, and elemental tissue concentration were determined. With NO₃ ^? as the nitrogen (N) form, both azalea cultivars exhibited less vegetative growth, lower overall plant quality, with leaves showing visual chlorotic symptoms in comparison to plants receiving NH₄ ⁺ as the N‐form. Leachate pH was highest with NO₃ ^? as the predominate N‐form and decreased significantly with each increment of NH₄ ⁺. With both azalea cultivars, N‐form significantly influenced uptake and utilization of essential plant nutrients. Leaf concentrations of N, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), boron (B), and molybdenum (Mo) were highest with NO₃ ^?‐N. Leaf elemental concentrations of phosphorous (P), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) increased as NH₄ ⁺ supplied more of the N‐ratio. Significant differences in Mg, Mn, and Zn were observed between species. Results from this study show that foliar N concentration is not an accurate indicator of plant growth response. Further investigations are needed to determine if foliarchlorosis and low growth rates observed with NO₃ ^? fed plants due to an Fe deficiency, to low nitrate reductase (NR) activity in the leaves, or to a combination of these factors.     

Temporal variation in mineral nitrogen in soil as influenced by incorporation of legume or cereal residues under submergence or well drained conditions

A laboratory study was conducted at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi on a sandy clay loam soil of pH 7.9 and organic C content of 0.34% to study the effect of incorporating Sesbania or Vigna legume residues or wheat straw at 15 and 30t ha^?1 on temporal variation in ammoniacal and nitrate‐N in soil under submergence and well drained conditions. Under submergence most mineral N was present as ammoniacal‐N, while under well drained conditions it was present as Nitrate‐N. The content of ammoniacal N in soil was the highest after 30 days of incubation and declined thereafter under submergence. On the other hand under well drained conditions the mineral‐N (mostly nitrate) content in soil at 30 DAI was very little and showed increases only later, reaching the highest level at 90 DAI. Application of wheat straw specially at 301 ha^?1 level resulted in immobilization of native soil‐N. These results show that rice which is grown under submergence can be transplanted soon after incorporation of legume residues, but for wheat or other crops which are grown under well drained condition a time interval of 30 days or more needs to be provided before sowing the crop.     

Oxygen exchange with water alters the oxygen isotopic signature of nitrate in soil ecosystems

Combined oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N) stable isotope analyses are commonly used in the source determination of nitrate . The source and fate of are studied based on distinct O and N isotopic signatures (δ¹⁸O and δ¹⁵N) of various sources and isotopic effects during transformation processes, which differ between sources like fertilizer, atmospheric deposition, and microbial production (nitrification). Isotopic fractionation during production and consumption of further affects the δ¹⁸O and δ¹⁵N signal. Regarding the δ¹⁸O in particular, biochemical O exchange between O from and H₂O is implicitly assumed not to affect the δ¹⁸O signature of . This study aimed to test this assumption in soil-based systems. In a short (24 h) incubation experiment, soils were treated with artificially ¹⁸O and ¹⁵N enriched . Production of from nitrification during the incubation would affect both the ¹⁸O and the ¹⁵N enrichment. Oxygen exchange could therefore be studied by examining the change in ¹⁸O relative to the ¹⁵N. In two out of the three soils, we found that the imposed ¹⁸O enrichment of the declined relatively more than the imposed enrichment. This implies that O exchange indeed affected the O isotopic signature of , which has important implications for source determination studies. We suggest that O exchange between and H₂O should be taken into consideration when interpreting the O isotopic signature to study the origin and fate of in ecosystems.     

硝酸还原酶合成的NO通过诱导酸敏感水稻根尖ROS积累引起酸毒

酸毒是酸性土壤中限制作物生长的重要因子之一,但酸毒通常与金属离子毒性共存,难以在土壤中直接研究,目前关于水稻酸毒机制的报道较少。选用前期筛选的酸耐性不同的两个水稻品种Kasalath（酸耐性）和Jinguoyin（酸敏感）,研究水稻的酸敏感性与活性氧（ROS）积累及氧化还原代谢相关酶的关系,并试图探讨酸毒害中一氧化氮（NO）信号与活性氧信号的调控关系。结果显示,低pH引起酸敏感水稻品种Jinguoyin中根尖NO和ROS的富集,但酸耐性水稻品种Kasalath中无显著变化。NO清除剂2-(4-羧基苯基)-4,4,5,5-四甲基咪唑啉-1-氧基-3-氧化物钾盐（cPTIO）可清除Jinguoyin根尖富集的NO和ROS。硝酸还原酶反馈抑制剂谷氨酰胺（Gln）可明显降低Jinguoyin在低pH下的根尖NO信号,而一氧化氮合酶抑制剂N’-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯盐酸盐（L-NAME）对根尖NO信号无影响。低pH显著提高了Jinguoyin中硝酸还原酶基因NIA1、NIA2和NIA3的表达,同时也提高了硝酸还原酶活性。可见,低pH下Jinguoyin受到的酸毒与NO介导的ROS富集有关,酸毒下产...     

Comparison of uptake of different N forms by soil microorganisms and two wet-grassland plants: A pot study

Two common plant species of temperate wet grasslands, Carex acuta and Glyceria maxima, were tested for their preferences in the uptake of different nitrogen (N) sources (amino acid, ammonium, nitrate) and their ability to compete for these sources with soil microorganisms. The experiment was a one-day incubation study with plants growing in soil obtained from the field, which was supplied with a solution containing the three N sources, one at a time labeled with ¹⁵N. The bulk of the N demand of both species was covered by nitrate-N, which was the dominant N form in the soil at the time of the experiment. Ammonium-N was taken up less strongly, and organic N formed only a negligible part of their nutrition. The assimilated inorganic N was preferentially transported to apical meristem of the youngest leaf, while organic N remained mostly in the roots. The fast-growing Glyceria took up more N and was a better competitor vis-à-vis soil microbes for rarer N forms than Carex. However, both plants were poor competitors for N vis-à-vis soil microbes, irrespective of the N form. Microbes took up nitrate ca. five times faster and organic N more than a hundred times faster than plants. Correspondingly, the calculated turnover time of microbial N was 17 days, compared to 40 days for N in plant roots. A significant amount of added ¹⁵N was found at non-exchangeable sites in the soil, which points to the importance of microbial N transformation and abiotic N fixation for N retention in soil. In summary, the preferential assimilation of inorganic N by the wetland plants studied here and their poor ability to compete for N with soil microbes over the short term agree with the results of studies carried out with other species from temperate grasslands.     

旅游活动对黄龙风景区水质的影响：以PO43-、NO3-离子为例

为了探索日益增强的旅游活动是否会对黄龙水质产生影响,从2010年4月下旬到11月上旬,以泉水中保守离子Sr2＋作为示踪剂,采用野外自动监测、水样采集和室内分析相结合的方法,对黄龙风景区溪流水中Sr2＋、PO43-、NO3-等离子质量浓度做了一个旅游季节的监测;结果表明,在补给泉和相应景点间,水中磷酸盐质量浓度变化趋势呈现明显的差异性,且后者比前者均有所升高,其年平均值在5个景点分别升高2.65、1.94、0.91、0.11和1.35倍,而示踪剂Sr2＋离子质量浓度变化趋势则正好相反,说明黄龙风景区溪流水磷酸盐浓度已受到不同程度的外源污染;进一步对比分析各景点磷酸盐、硝酸盐质量浓度与同期游客人数间的关系,结果发现两者间变化趋势呈现明显的一致性;为了排除偶然性因素影响,笔者于2011年对水中磷酸盐质量浓度重新做了上述观测,结果与2010年相似;因此可以推断,黄龙景区溪流水中磷酸盐、硝酸盐质量浓度已明显受到过度旅游活动的影响.     

常规施肥和滴灌施肥对苹果园土壤硝态氮分布的影响

在大田条件下,通过常规施肥和滴灌施肥处理,研究了其对苹果园土壤硝态氮年周期变化及不同土壤层次分布的影响。结果表明：常规施肥和滴灌施肥处理,0—20、20—40cm土层硝态氮分布在不同物候期的变化趋势一致,均呈双峰趋势,以新梢旺长期和果实膨大期为最高;60—80、80—100cm土层硝态氮分布在不同物候期的变化趋势也一致,均变化较为平缓;而40—60cm土层硝态氮分布在苹果不同物候期差异显著,滴灌处理明显高于常规处理。