Effects of strip wise tillage in combination with liming on chemical and physical properties of acidic spruce forest soils after clear cutting

We investigated the initial effects of strip wise soil loosening (0–35 cm depth) on soil chemical and physical parameters by using a deeply working rotary cultivator in combination with liming and mixing of the dolomite with the soil material of acidic forests. The investigations took place 8 months after the treatment. pH values and contents of exchangeable Ca and Mg increased significantly at the tilled depth whereas the content of exchangeable Al and easily soluble P decreased. The rate of mineralisation increased at this depth which was shown by a loss of Corg, Ntot and short-term loss of NO₃-N. The treatment led to a mobilisation of Mn at the tilled depth. However, the content of exchangeable Pb decreased due to an increased pH value. Below the tillage depth of 35 cm only partly significant changes of exchangeable Mn and NO₃-N were found. The total porosity and bulk density at 10–15 and 40–45 cm depths were not significantly different from those in the control plot, but the rate of infiltration increased significantly.     

Nitrate reductase activity and its diurnal variation rhythm for Camptotheca acuminata seedlings

Nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in different plant organs and leaves in different positions of Camptotheca acuminata seedlings was determined by an In vivo assay, the diurnal variation rhythm of NRA in leaves of different positions was observed,and the correlations between leaf NRA, leaf area and lamina mass per unit area (LMA) were also examined. The results showed that NRA in the leaf was significantly highest, compared with that in other organs such as roots, stems and leaves. In this experiment, the 10 leaves were selected from the apex to the base of the seedlings in order. The different NRA occurred obviously in leaves of different positions of C. acuminata seedlings from the apex to the base, and NRA was higher in the 4th-6th leaves.The diurnal change rhythm of leaf NRA showed a one peak curve, and maximum NRA value appeared at about midday (at 12:30 or so). No obvious correlations between NRA and leaf area or lamina mass per unit area were observed. This study offered scientific foundation for the further research on nitrogen metabolism of C. acuminata.     

A Comparison of Three Different Hydroponic Sub-systems (gravel bed, floating and nutrient film technique) in an Aquaponic Test System

Murray Cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii (Mitchell), and Green Oak lettuce, Lactuca sativa, were used to test for differences between three hydroponic subsystems, Gravel Bed, Floating Raft and Nutrient Film Technique (NFT), in a freshwater Aquaponic test system, where plant nutrients were supplied from fish wastes while plants stripped nutrients from the waste water before it was returned to the fish. The Murray Cod had FCR's and biomass gains that were statistically identical in all systems. Lettuce yields were good, and in terms of biomass gain and yield, followed the relationship Gravel bed > Floating > NFT, with significant differences seen between all treatments. The NFT treatment was significantly less efficient than the other two treatments in terms of nitrate removal (20% less efficient), whilst no significant difference was seen between any test treatments in terms of phosphate removal. In terms of dissolved oxygen, water replacement and conductivity, no significant differences were observed between any test treatments. Overall, results suggest that NFT hydroponic sub-systems are less efficient at both removing nutrients from fish culture water and producing plant biomass or yield than Gravel bed or Floating hydroponic sub-systems in an Aquaponic context. Aquaponic system designers need to take these differences into account when designing hydroponic components within aquaponic systems.     

国家自然科学基金项目（J1210056）

为探讨硫化氢(H2S)作为潜在的新型氮肥增效剂的可能性,通过水培实验,以扬麦16为材料,以NaHS为H2S供体(浓度0.01mmol·L-1),研究了外源低浓度H2S对低氮(2.5 mmol·L-1)、中氮(7.5)和高氮(15 mmol·L-1)条件下小麦幼苗光合作用、硝态氮吸收和同化的影响.结果表明,外源低浓度H2S促进了小麦幼苗的光合作用及对硝态氮的吸收,使低氮条件下植株干物质重增加15.5％,显著提高叶片可溶性蛋白、总氮及叶绿素含量.外源H2S处理后,低氮和中氮水平下叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)以及谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性有所增加,尤其是在低氮水平下增加显著,但在高氮水平下NR与GS活性分别下降22％和13％,GDH活性与对照无明显差异.以上结果说明外源低浓度H2S可提高小麦幼苗对低氮的适应性,促进其生长及对氮素吸收与同化.     

施氮水平对芥菜生长及土壤硝态氮残留的影响

利用田间小区试验,研究不同氮用量水平(0、112.5、225、337.5kg/hm2)对芥菜生长、养分吸收利用、品质以及土壤硝态氮残留、累积的影响。结果表明,施氮显著增加芥菜产量、促进芥菜植株对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收,且随氮用量增加,芥菜产量和养分吸收量呈增加趋势。芥菜植株氮肥利用率随氮用量增加而降低。施氮明显提高芥菜地上部可溶性糖、维生素C含量及硝酸盐含量,但随氮肥用量的增加,芥菜可溶性糖含量显著降低,硝酸盐含量有增加趋势,维生素C含量没有显著变化。不同处理土壤硝态氮主要分布于0～40cm土层,随土层深度增加,硝态氮含量总体呈现下降趋势。施氮显著增加菜地土壤0～100cm土层硝态氮残留累积量,且硝态氮累积量随氮用量增加显著提高。从兼顾芥菜产量、氮肥有效利用及减轻氮对环境污染等角度考虑,芥菜以225kg/hm2的施氮量较为适宜。     

Oxygen exchange with water alters the oxygen isotopic signature of nitrate in soil ecosystems

Combined oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N) stable isotope analyses are commonly used in the source determination of nitrate . The source and fate of are studied based on distinct O and N isotopic signatures (δ¹⁸O and δ¹⁵N) of various sources and isotopic effects during transformation processes, which differ between sources like fertilizer, atmospheric deposition, and microbial production (nitrification). Isotopic fractionation during production and consumption of further affects the δ¹⁸O and δ¹⁵N signal. Regarding the δ¹⁸O in particular, biochemical O exchange between O from and H₂O is implicitly assumed not to affect the δ¹⁸O signature of . This study aimed to test this assumption in soil-based systems. In a short (24 h) incubation experiment, soils were treated with artificially ¹⁸O and ¹⁵N enriched . Production of from nitrification during the incubation would affect both the ¹⁸O and the ¹⁵N enrichment. Oxygen exchange could therefore be studied by examining the change in ¹⁸O relative to the ¹⁵N. In two out of the three soils, we found that the imposed ¹⁸O enrichment of the declined relatively more than the imposed enrichment. This implies that O exchange indeed affected the O isotopic signature of , which has important implications for source determination studies. We suggest that O exchange between and H₂O should be taken into consideration when interpreting the O isotopic signature to study the origin and fate of in ecosystems.     

花生硝酸还原酶与根瘤中固氮酶活性的研究

花生品种间根瘤量的变化有显著差异,但每克根瘤中固氮酶活性则差异不显著。固氮酶活性在全生育期出现两次高峰,分别在下针期和结荚期,而单株根瘤中固氮酶活性和单株根瘤量均在结荚期出现一次高峰。花生主茎复叶硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)在生育前期出现一次高峰,其活性的高低与品种耐肥性呈负相关。NRA 和根瘤中固氮酶活性有正相关     

不同施肥组合对晋菜3号大白菜产量及硝酸盐累积的影响

大白菜因其分布广、产量高、种植面积大在人们的菜篮子中占有重要的地位。通过10个施肥处理的随机重复试验得出:处理8(N360P90K270)的产量最高;不同处理下,晋菜3号大白菜吸氮量的变化规律基本一致,团棵期到结球初期(播种后25～45d)吸氮量最多;10个处理的大白菜球叶硝酸盐含量均比外叶低。     

营养液铵硝比对砂培韭菜生长及硝酸盐含量的影响

[目的]研究不同铵硝比营养液对韭菜生长及硝酸盐含量的影响。[方法]2008～2009年,对日光温室内砂培的2年生韭菜,分别浇施总氮量相同、铵硝比为0∶100,15∶85,30∶70,45∶55和60∶40的营养液。[结果]提高营养液铵硝比不仅大幅度降低了韭菜硝酸盐含量,而且显著地提高了春季韭菜的总产量。铵硝混合营养处理的韭菜硝酸盐含量极显著低于纯硝营养,铵硝比60∶40和45∶55处理的韭菜硝酸盐含量最低,均比纯硝营养降低了59.8%;铵硝比45∶55和30∶70处理的韭菜总产量显著高于纯硝营养,分别增产22.4%和14.0%。铵硝比对单茬韭菜产量的影响因收获时期不同而异,增铵对提高第1茬产量的作用最大、对第3茬无明显作用。[结论]45∶55和30∶70是适合韭菜砂培的营养液铵硝比。     

一株反硝化细菌的分离及其反硝化特性

[目的]研究微生物对氮素污染的脱除作用,为在生产实践中更好地开发利用反硝化细菌提供依据。[方法]通过定向富集法,从淄博市一印染厂的污水处理系统中采集的活性污泥中分离出一株反硝化细菌D3,并对该细菌的反硝化特性进行系统的研究。[结果]反硝化细菌D3为一革兰氏阴性短杆菌,在限制性反硝化培养基中60 h内可将硝酸根脱除10.43%~13.13%。该菌可利用蔗糖、葡萄糖、乙酸钠、柠檬酸钠和碳酸氢钠为唯一碳源进行反硝化,其中最适碳源为柠檬酸钠。适合该菌反硝化的碳氮摩尔比为12.0∶1.0。最适投菌浓度为9.6×108CFU/L。[结论]牛肉膏、酵母粉、蛋白胨和乙酰胺等含有机氮的添加因子不能有效促进硝酸根的脱除,而反硝化细菌D3则更适合脱除有机氮含量低的一些工业污水中的硝态氮。