氨基酸和尿素替代硝态氮对水培不结球白菜和生菜硝酸盐含量的影响

 研究了甘氨酸、异亮氨酸和脯氨酸的不同组合及尿素替代 2 0 %硝态氮对水培不结球白菜和生菜硝酸盐含量和品质的影响。结果表明 ,在采收前 12d替代处理 ,与对照相比 ,以甘氨酸对不结球白菜和生菜硝酸盐含量降低效果最好 ,甘氨酸、异亮氨酸和脯氨酸三者混合氨基酸其次 ,尿素次之 ;同时氨基酸处理也提高了两种蔬菜叶片可溶性糖和蛋白质含量 ,并显著增加了叶片全氮量。氨基酸替代硝态氮后 ,增强了不结球白菜叶片硝酸还原酶活性 ,但削弱生菜叶片硝酸还原酶活性。氨基酸和尿素都降低了不结球白菜和生菜体内硝酸盐含量 ,而且对不结球白菜 ,氨基酸与尿素效果相近 ,但对生菜氨基酸比尿素更有效。氨基酸部分替代硝态氮不但可以显著降低两种蔬菜体内硝酸盐含量 ,而且可以改善品质     

Carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus leaching after site preparation at a boreal forest clear-cut area

Clear-cutting followed by mechanical site preparation is the major disturbance influencing nutrient and water fluxes in Fennoscandian boreal forests. The effects of soil harrowing on the fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved nitrogen compounds (organic N, NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻) and water soluble phosphorus (PO₄³⁻) through a podzolic soil were studied in a clear-cut in eastern Finland for 5 years. The old, mixed coniferous stand was clear-cut and stem only harvested in 1996 followed by soil harrowing in 1998 and planting in June 1999. Zero-tension lysimeters were used to collect soil water from below different soil horizons in the three types of microsites that resulted from site preparation treatment: low ridges (25% of clear-cut area), shallow furrows (30%) and the undisturbed soil (45%). After soil harrowing, the leaching of DOC, N and P from below the B-horizon increased compared to pre-treatment levels. However, the increases were short-lasting; 1–2 years for inorganic N and P, and 5 years for DOC and organic N. The highest concentrations were associated with the ridges and lowest with the furrows, reflecting the differences in amount of organic matter present in each microsite type and, for N, to enhanced mineralization and nitrification. Leaching from below the B-horizon over the 5 years following soil harrowing for the whole clear-cut area was 36.5 kg ha⁻¹ for DOC, 0.88 kg ha⁻¹ for NH₄-N, 0.46 kg ha⁻¹ for NO₃-N, 1.24 kg ha⁻¹ for organic N and 0.09 kg ha⁻¹ for PO₄-P. Site preparation increased temporarily the risk for nutrient leaching into watercourses and groundwater from the clear-cut area but soil fertility was not affected since the leached amounts remained small. The main reasons for the observed low leaching values were the rapid recovery of ground vegetation and low N deposition loads.     

施氮量对迟播油菜生长及氮素吸收的影响(英文)

[目的]分析氮肥对不同冬油菜品种越冬期营养生长和氮素吸收的影响。[方法]连续两年(2009-2011)田间试验,以早熟品种中油116和中晚熟品种中油杂12号为材料,设5种氮肥用量(0,90,180,270,360kg/hm2)。在越冬期对油菜干重,根系和地上部氮含量及比例,叶片硝酸还原酶活性进行测定,并对籽粒产量进行考查。[结果]中油116在施氮量从0增加到180kg/hm2时,地上部干重迅速增加;而在施氮量从180kg/hm2增加到360kg/hm2时,地上部干重缓慢增加。中油杂12号的地上部干重随施氮量的增加呈单峰曲线变化,在270kg/hm2时达到最大值。当施氮量从90kg/hm2到180kg/hm2时,地上部和根中的氮含量及比例均迅速增加,并且中油杂12号根中的氮含量及比例高于中油116。两个品种的硝酸还原酶活性在施氮量从90kg/hm2到180kg/hm2时增加最为明显。[结论]合理施用氮肥能够显著增加不同熟期油菜品种越冬期的干重及氮素吸收,并提高油菜产量。     

寿光设施菜地土壤养分累积与农产品硝酸盐污染研究

选择寿光市中南部7个典型设施蔬菜种植区,分析了其地下水、土壤理化性状和农产品氮素污染情况,结果表明:寿光市典型设施蔬菜种植区耕层土壤未出现酸化现象,pH值平均为8.10;耕层土壤EC值平均为0.339 mS/cm,与土壤中硝态氮含量显著线性相关(R2=0.7429);有机质平均含量为31.9 g/kg,57%调查样本的有机质含量超过30 g/kg;土壤0～150 cm剖面中硝态氮累积曲线呈近似"S"型,在90～150 cm土层中大量累积,而铵态氮的累积则呈明显的"S"型变化趋势,主要在90～120 cm土层累积;速效磷、速效钾累积曲线均呈现"倒L"型,随土层深度的增加含量明显降低,90 cm土层下速效钾累积量大于速效磷;所调查21个农产品样本中硝酸盐平均含量为109.34 mg/kg,最高含量为176.09 mg/kg。而农产品未出现明显的硝酸盐污染。     

一株反硝化细菌的分离及其反硝化特性

[目的]研究微生物对氮素污染的脱除作用,为在生产实践中更好地开发利用反硝化细菌提供依据。[方法]通过定向富集法,从淄博市一印染厂的污水处理系统中采集的活性污泥中分离出一株反硝化细菌D3,并对该细菌的反硝化特性进行系统的研究。[结果]反硝化细菌D3为一革兰氏阴性短杆菌,在限制性反硝化培养基中60 h内可将硝酸根脱除10.43%~13.13%。该菌可利用蔗糖、葡萄糖、乙酸钠、柠檬酸钠和碳酸氢钠为唯一碳源进行反硝化,其中最适碳源为柠檬酸钠。适合该菌反硝化的碳氮摩尔比为12.0∶1.0。最适投菌浓度为9.6×108CFU/L。[结论]牛肉膏、酵母粉、蛋白胨和乙酰胺等含有机氮的添加因子不能有效促进硝酸根的脱除,而反硝化细菌D3则更适合脱除有机氮含量低的一些工业污水中的硝态氮。     

合肥市滨湖新区硝酸盐污染研究

硝酸盐是污染地下水的主要污染物之一,来自农业活动的硝酸盐已成为地下水的主要污染源。采用GIS地统计学方法,结合调查区域土地利用类型的分析,对合肥市滨湖新区85个样点的地下水硝酸盐含量进行分析研究,并分析了NO3^--N的污染特点,提出了相应的防治对策。结果表明：该地区地下水硝酸盐污染较严重,50%以上的区域NO3^--N含量〉20 mg/L;流域内NO3^^--N浓度随地下水深度的增加而逐渐降低。     

不同生长发育阶段叶下珠中硝酸盐·亚硝酸盐及维生素C含量研究

[目的]为人们安全食用叶下珠提供科学依据。[方法]利用分光光度计法对不同生长发育阶段叶下珠中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和维生素C的含量进行测定。[结果]除初花期以外,叶下珠的硝酸盐含量低于轻度污染水平（432 mg/kg鲜重）,亚硝酸盐含量低于无公害蔬菜亚硝酸盐含量的限量标准（≤4.0 mg/kg鲜重）,初花期叶下珠硝酸盐含量高于432 mg/kg且低于785 mg/kg,属于中度污染水平,亚硝酸盐含量低于无公害蔬菜亚硝酸盐含量的限量标准。各期的叶下珠中维生素C的含量都高于50 mg/100 g鲜重,属于高维生素C含量的野菜。[结论]根据国内外现行硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐污染标准,除初花期以外的各生长发育阶段属于一级野菜,可以安全食用。初花期的叶下珠属二级蔬菜范围,不宜生食,煮熟或盐渍可安全食用。     

大庆市蔬菜硝酸盐污染状况及防治对策

对大庆市市场上销售的新鲜及冬储蔬菜中的硝酸盐含量进行了测定,结果表明：新鲜蔬菜中叶菜类硝酸盐含量最高,根菜类次之,茄果类污染相对较轻。冬储菜中大白菜的NO3-含量最高,其次为萝卜,土豆和甘蓝中含量相对较低。在调查测定的基础上,提出了防治硝酸盐污染的措施。     

黔东南州稻田土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量评价

[目的]研究黔东南州稻田土壤硝态氮和铵态氮的含量。[方法]对从黔东南州采集的146份稻田土壤的硝态氮和铵态氮含量进行测定,研究各县市硝态氮和铵态氮含量、分布及速效氮的分级情况,对黔东南州稻田土壤肥力进行评价。[结果]黔东南州各县市间稻田土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量差异较大,硝态氮平均含量最高的为镇远县,最低的为岑巩县;铵态氮平均含量最高的为三穗县,最低的为麻江县。速效氮主要分为3、4、5、6等级,黔东南州绝大部分稻田土壤速效氮处于5、6等级。[结论]黔东南州90%以上稻田土壤速效氮含量偏低。     

Effects of transition season management on soil N dynamics and system N balances in rice–wheat rotations of Nepal

In the low-input rice–wheat production systems of Nepal, the N nutrition of both crops is largely based on the supply from soil pools. Declining yield trends call for management interventions aiming at the avoidance of native soil N losses. A field study was conducted at two sites in the lowland and the upper mid-hills of Nepal with contrasting temperature regimes and durations of the dry-to-wet season transition period between the harvest of wheat and the transplanting of lowland rice. Technical options included the return of the straw of the preceding wheat crop, the cultivation of short-cycled crops during the transition season, and combinations of both. Dynamics of soil N_min, nitrate leaching, nitrous oxide emissions, and crop N uptake were studied throughout the year between 2004 and 2005 and partial N balances of the cropping systems were established. In the traditional system (bare fallow between wheat and rice) a large accumulation of soil nitrate N and its subsequent disappearance upon soil saturation occurred during the transition season. This nitrate loss was associated with nitrate leaching (6.3 and 12.8 kg ha⁻¹ at the low and high altitude sites, respectively) and peaks of nitrous oxide emissions (120 and 480 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ at the low and high altitude sites, respectively). Incorporation of wheat straw at 3 Mg ha⁻¹ and/or cultivation of a nitrate catch crop during the transition season significantly reduced the build up of soil nitrate and subsequent N losses at the low altitude site. At the high altitude site, cumulative grain yields increased from 2.35 Mg ha⁻¹ with bare fallow during the transition season to 3.44 Mg ha⁻¹ when wheat straw was incorporated. At the low altitude site, the cumulative yield significantly increased from 2.85 Mg ha⁻¹ (bare fallow) to between 3.63 and 6.63 Mg ha⁻¹, depending on the transition season option applied. Irrespective of the site and the land use option applied during the transition season, systems N balances remained largely negative, ranging from −37 to −84 kg N ha⁻¹. We conclude that despite reduced N losses and increased grain yields the proposed options need to be complemented with additional N inputs to sustain long-term productivity.