蔬菜硝酸盐积累的控制措施

概述了降低蔬菜硝酸盐积累的各种农业技术措施，并阐明了各种因素与蔬菜硝酸盐积累的关系以及各种措施行之有效的机理，这对实现低硝酸盐含量蔬菜的生产，既提供了理论依据，又具有现实指导意义。     

土壤水分对金银花中硝酸盐和绿原酸含量的影响

研究了金银花中硝酸盐和绿原酸含量随土壤水分含量的变化,表明:金银花中硝酸盐和绿原酸含量随土壤水分含量的减少呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,金银花中硝酸盐含量为1 624～1833mg/kg。     

降低蔬菜体内硝酸盐污染的配合施肥技术研究

田间试验研究表明,蔬菜生产中采用氮、磷、钾平衡施肥,增施优质微生物肥料及无机、有机肥料配合等施肥技术,能提高蔬菜的产量,增产幅度10.05%~16.90%,蔬菜体内的硝酸盐含量降低了25.4~702.0 mg/kg。     

氮磷钾不同配比对饲用稻威优198产量及糙米蛋白含量的影响

采用田间小区试验研究“推荐配比”(N:P2O5:K2O比率为190:90:100 kg hm-2)、“高氮量配比”(N:P2O5:K2O比率为210:90:100 kg hm-2)、“低氮量配比”(N:P2O5:K2O比率为170:90:100 kg hm-2)以及“常规配比”(N:P2O5:K2O比率为216:112.5:202.5 kg hm-2)4种氮、磷、钾配比施肥对饲用稻威优198蔗糖合成酶(SUS)、腺苷二磷酸焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)以及产量和糙米蛋白质的影响。结果表明:“推荐配比”能提高不同生育时期水稻功能叶(旗叶)和粒籽中碳、氮代谢关键酶的活性,这些关键酶活性的变化显著影响水稻产量和糙米全氮以及蛋白氮的含量。统计(P0.05)结果证实“推荐配比”能提高水稻产量达到8200 kg hm-2,与“常规配比”相比产量提高了24.81%;“推荐配比”糙米全氮和蛋白氮含量分别达到22.70 g kg-1和21.98 g kg-1,与“常规配比”相比差异显著,并且其全氮和蛋白氮含量分别提高17.01%,18.38%。     

氮素形态对凤红桃植株生长、产量和品质的影响

为了优化肥料配比,提高桃树产量和品质,以黄河冲积平原地区桃树中早熟品种凤红为试材,研究铵态氮和硝态氮两种形态氮素对桃园土壤pH、桃树生长、果实产量和品质的影响。结果表明,施用铵态氮肥降低土壤的pH;各种氮肥处理均增加桃树的叶面积和新梢生长,促进叶绿素含量和硝酸还原酶活性的提高,从而增加果实产量和改善品质,以m(铵态氮)∶m(硝态氮)为2∶1配施效果最好,株产量和单果质量分别达31.8kg和236g,比对照分别增加43.9%和19.2%。合理配施不同形态氮素有助于高产稳产果园的建立。     

黄淮地区露地大白菜安全施肥研究

通过施用尿素、硫酸钾、复合肥、过磷酸钙和烘干鸡粪等不同配比的有机肥与无机肥,共设计了8组处理。结果表明:在施氮量相同的条件下,有机肥与无机肥配合施用可以提高大白菜品质及产量;有机氮与无机氮质量比为3∶1时,其品质和产量的提高效果最佳。8组处理中大白菜可食用部分硝酸盐和维生素C含量均随氮肥施用量的增加而增加;随着氮肥施用量的增加,可溶性蛋白的含量呈先增后减的趋势。     

不同供氮水平对大葱土壤硝态氮运移及品质影响的研究

在山东省章丘大葱/小麦轮作典型种植制度下,研究了不同施氮量对土壤硝酸盐及大葱品质影响。研究表明:章丘地区大葱地硝酸盐淋洗较严重。大葱各生长发育时期测得处理T5土壤硝态氮含量与T1之间的差异都达到极显著水平;收获时处理T5的0～30cm、30～60cm、60～90cm三个耕层土壤硝态氮残留量分别为4.35mgkg-1、6.81mgkg-1和6.49mgkg-1,可见该处理施氮量已远超出大葱正常生长所需。大葱产量以氮素优化处理(T4)最高,与T5间的差异也达到显著水平;同时该处理大葱硝态氮含量与T5间的差异也达到极显著水平。大葱Vc和可溶性糖含量都是对照最高,随施氮量的增加两者含量逐渐降低。     

紫色土坡耕地硝酸盐流失过程与特征研究

通过对紫色土坡耕地地表径流、壤中流径流过程及其硝酸盐含量的长期监测,研究紫色土坡耕地硝酸盐流失特征。结果表明,径流过程对紫色土坡耕地硝酸盐流失过程影响明显。地表径流过程中硝酸盐含量随降雨历时表现为先升后降的趋势,而壤中流过程则表现为不断上升、趋于稳定的趋势。紫色土坡耕地硝酸盐流失潜在的环境风险极大,历次降雨产流事件中地表径流和壤中流NO3--N平均含量分别为0.73±0.17 mg L-1、21.72±2.05 mg L-1,其中,75%的地表径流NO3--N含量超过0.5 mg L-1,85%的壤中流NO3--N含量超过10 mg L-1。紫色土坡耕地地表径流NO3--N年流失负荷为0.93±0.05 kg hm-2,壤中流NO3--N年流失负荷为33.51±2.73 kg hm-2,分别占当季施肥量的0.62%、22.34%,随壤中流淋失是紫色土坡耕地硝酸盐流失的主要途径。紫色土坡耕地硝酸盐流失不仅可能造成当地地表水富营养化,而且可能造成当地浅层地下水硝酸盐污染,将加剧长江上游水环境压力。     

The influence of nitrate and ammonium forms of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and osmoregulation of digitaria eriantha and Chloris gayana grown under saline conditions

Abstract

Digltaria eriantha and Chloris gayana were grown under controlled conditions for three months and were treated with a nutrient solution containing 150 mMol NaCl and the following nitrogen sources: 25 or 200 mg/l NH₄ ⁺‐N or NO₃ ^?‐N or no nitrogen. The application of nitrogen was found to stimulate growth, i.e. leaf area and dry mass in both grasses, with a greatest growth response to both NH₄ ⁺—N treatments in D. eriantha, and NH₄ ⁺‐N and NO₃ ^?—N treatments in C. gayana. Proline accumulated in both grasses, but this accumulation followed different trends in the two grasses. Soluble sugars (non‐structural) accumulated in the above ground component in D. eriantha, while in C. gayana soluble sugars accumulated predominantly in the roots, possibly as osmotica, or for storage and may thus have been available for regrowth.     

Factors affecting the voluntary feed intake of sheep grazing Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu) pastures: Observations from forage analysis

Abstract

Sheep were used in two investigations to study factors which could limit voluntary intake of Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu) pasture. Possible reasons for the low intakes were found in the high soluble nitrogen and nitrate content of the pasture, its high oxalate content, and its considerable potential for foaming, the latter suggesting the presence of sapbnins. The high fibre content of the material could also have limited intake in wilted, dry or stemmy kikuyu. The relative importance of these factors appears to change with growth stage, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied, stocking rate and moisture supply. The factors which are detrimental to forage quality such as oxalates and nitrates are higher in the young and actively growing material than in older material, while the in vitro production of foam seems unrelated to forage quality and remained high, despite changes in other factors which detrimentally affected forage quality.