Variation in growth and aggression of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) from upstream and downstream reaches of the same river

Abstract –  To investigate differences in behaviour and growth between juvenile brown trout from spatially separated reaches, fish were collected from above and below a weir in Silverstream, New Zealand. Population level differences in mass-specific growth rates and aggression level were examined in tank experiments. Monitoring of mass-specific growth rates found that relative growth rates between fish of different sizes varied between fish from the upstream reach but not between fish from the downstream reach. Large individuals grew faster than smaller individuals from the upstream reach but no effect of relative fish size on growth was found among fish from the downstream population, indicating that social organisation in the two populations differed. When tested in pairs, juvenile brown trout from the downstream population were found to be more aggressive than those from the upstream population. Differences in the allometric relationship between growth rate and fish size and in the levels of aggressiveness appear to be related to the failure to form dominance hierarchies among fish from the downstream reach, a fixed behavioural trait most likely related to prior experience of crowding or different genetic backgrounds.     

Spatiotemporal dynamics of plant diversity in response to farmers’ evolved settlements in Shanghai

The expansion of the Shanghai metropolitan region has caused a substantial amount of farmland to become urbanized. Most farmers have lost their land and have been relocated from villages to new collective settlements, resulting in dramatic changes in the landscape pattern. This study explores the effects of this transformation on the spatiotemporal dynamics of plant diversity. We randomly sampled 22 plots comprising 294 subplots within two crossed transects that pass through 5 traditional villages and 17 new settlements. The results show that resettlement has exerted significant effects on plant species diversity, both temporally and spatially. Temporally, the Gleason index (GI) of total species over time could be ordered as 1990s > 2000s > 1980s, while Shannon’s diversity index (SHDI) was ordered as 2000s > 1990s > 1980s. Spatially, the GI of total species decreased from the urban center to the exurbs or from the inside to the outside of the built-up areas. SHDI was highest in suburbs or ecotones. Furthermore, the GI of total species had significant correlations with those of indigenous species, exotic species, and planted species (r > 0.90, p < 0.01) as well as with the region and location of settlement (r < −0.48, p < 0.01). Both indigenous and exotic species had significant positive correlations with total species richness at 0.01 levels. Generally, compared with traditional settlements, new settlements displayed greater richness and diversity of plant species, primarily because of the exotic species present in new settlements. The farmers’ socio-economic status was found to be the primary cause of differences in species richness. To protect indigenous and wild species, it is necessary to take into account local knowledge in villages to encourage Chinese farmers to participate actively in community greening. A bridge should be built between traditional villages and modern settlements and between the past and future for farmers.     

海南被子植物分布新资料(Ⅱ)

报道了海南岛被子植物5个新记录种。新记录种分别为三室黄麻(Corchorus trilocularis L.)、钻叶紫菀(Symphyotrichum subulatum(Michx.)G.L.Nesom)、光果姜(Zingiber nudicarpum D.Fang)、线纹香茶菜(Isodon lophanthoides(Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don)H.Hara)、狭序泡花树(Meliosma paupera Hand.-Mazz.)。凭证标本保存于中国热带农业科学院植物标本室(ATCH)。     

中早熟高产抗病抗虫棉品种衡棉4号的选育

衡棉4号是用GK12为外源抗棉铃虫Bt基因的供体,以具有海岛棉、陆地棉和野生棉遗传基础的省1322系作抗病亲本,以冀棉27为丰产亲本,在黄枯萎混生重病地、不防治棉铃虫的高压胁迫下连续定向选择培育而成.突出表现早熟、抗棉铃虫、高产和抗病.适宜在冀中南及同一生态类型地区推广.     

抗病虫棉花新品种邯棉103的选育

邯棉103是以早熟、高产、优质、抗病的邯333为母本,以转基因抗虫棉GK-12为父本杂交,经枯黄萎混生病圃定向选择培育而成.该品种具有高产、稳产、抗病、抗虫、吐絮肥大和衣分高等特点,2007年3月通过河北省品种审定委员会审定,适宜在冀中南及黄河流域棉区春播种植.     

花生新品种邢花3号的选育

以冀油4号为母本、7915为父本通过有性杂交选育而成的花生新品种邢花3号,具有优质、高产、中熟、抗逆性强和适应性广等特点.邢花3号适宜在北方花生产区春播或麦垄套种栽培.     

降雨侵蚀力新算法在豫西山区应用的初步研究

降雨侵蚀力是定量监测评价一个地区土壤侵蚀状况的重要因子之一,找到适宜简便的计算方法十分重要.卜兆宏提出的降雨侵蚀力新算法具有简便易用的优点.本文利用位于豫西山区鲁山县的3个水文雨量站10年185次的自记降雨过程资料,以经典算法年R值为基准,对新算法在该区的适用性进行了分析评价.结果表明:新算法结果与经典值存在高度的一致性,一致性高达90.2%,模型有效系数为96.4%,相对误差为7.7%,说明新算法能够在该区应用,可以采取此法对该区的降雨侵蚀力进行深入的分析研究;并同时对资料摘读时应该注意的问题进行了讨论.     

城市土壤有机碳和黑碳的含量特征与来源分析

由于城市化过程中人为活动的深刻影响，城市土壤的一些性质被强烈地改变。城市土壤有机质由于来源的多样性和受到不同程度人为活动的影响，其组成和分布特征表现出异质性和多样性。本研究以南京市为对象，研究了功能区之间土壤有机碳和黑碳含量的差异。与郊区土壤相比，城市土壤的有机碳含量普遍较高。通过对有机碳组成的分析发现其中稳定的黑碳含量较郊区土壤明显偏高，且在不同功能区之间呈现差异性，体现了人为影响过程和污染来源的差别。同时发现路边绿化带土壤正受到来自交通环境的强烈影响，其有机碳和黑碳含量与其他功能区存在显著差异。不同功能区之间因人为影响的差异，土壤中黑碳含量与有机碳含量的比值表现出明显的不同，可以指示黑碳的可能来源。城市土壤环境中黑碳可能构成了总有机碳中的很大部分，这与自然土壤有明显的差别。     

佳木斯地区大豆新品种适宜播期和适宜种植密度试验

通过2003—2004年不同播期和种植密度试验，确定黑龙江省主栽大豆新品种的适宜播期为4月下旬；由于种植密度不同，直接影响光照在植株群体中的分布，导致植株群体间小气侯环境的差异，最终影响产量。试验确定合丰45号、47号大豆品种适宜种植密度在25万株/hm^2左右，合辐93154—2大豆品种适宜种植密度在25~35万株／hm^2时产量最高。     

东北地区螽斯总科调查报告

通过近4a的调查,初步摸清了东北地区螽斯总科的种类与分布,包括硕螽科3种、露螽科6种、螽斯科23种、草螽科10种,共计17属42种2亚种。其中:拟寰螽属Paratlanticus为国内新记录属;长白山拟寰螽Pa-ratlanticus palgongensis、对马拟寰螽Paratlanticus tsushimensis、乌苏里拟寰螽Paratlanticus ussuriensis和乌苏里姬螽Metrioptera ussuriana为国内新记录种。并对一些种中存在的问题进行了分析和讨论。