菜籽粕蛋白肽制备工艺条件优化

试验改进了菜籽粕蛋白的酶解工艺,并对改进后的工艺条件进行了优化。采用2709碱性蛋白酶水解菜籽粕蛋白,分别考察了pH值、酶用量、酶解时间、温度、底物浓度对蛋白回收率的影响规律,在此基础上,利用响应面分析法对菜籽粕蛋白的酶解条件进行了优化。结果表明,2709碱性蛋白酶水解菜籽粕蛋白的较优条件为pH11.5、温度50℃、底物浓度4%、水解时间173min、酶用量5778U·g-1,此时蛋白回收率可达87.18%。     

低磷低鱼粉饲料中添加植酸酶和蛋白酶对草鱼生长性能和消化生理的影响

本试验旨在研究低磷低鱼粉饲料中添加植酸酶和蛋白酶对草鱼生长性能、消化酶活性、营养物质表观消化率和免疫力的影响。试验选取平均体重为9.66 g的健康草鱼630尾,随机分为7个组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼。7组草鱼饲喂如下试验饲料:正常磷(磷酸二氢钙添加量2.0%)正常鱼粉(鱼粉添加量3.0%)饲料(对照)、低磷(磷酸二氢钙添加量1.3%)正常鱼粉饲料、低磷正常鱼粉并添加0.03%植酸酶饲料、正常磷低鱼粉(鱼粉添加量1.5%)饲料、正常磷低鱼粉并添加0.05%蛋白酶饲料、低磷和低鱼粉饲料、低磷低鱼粉并添加0.03%植酸酶和0.05%蛋白酶饲料。饲养试验持续56 d。结果显示:与饲喂正常磷正常鱼粉饲料草鱼相比,饲喂低磷低鱼粉饲料草鱼的增重率、特定生长率、营养物质(干物质、蛋白质、钙和磷)表观消化率、肠道消化酶(胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶和淀粉酶)活性、血清溶菌酶活性均显著降低(P<0.05),饲料系数和血清丙二醛含量显著升高(P<0.05)。在低磷正常鱼粉饲料、正常磷低鱼粉饲料、低磷低鱼粉饲料中分别添加植酸酶、蛋白酶、植酸酶与蛋白酶后,草鱼的上述指标均得到显著改善(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,在低磷低鱼粉饲料中添加植酸酶和蛋白酶能够提高草鱼的营养物质表观消化率、肠道消化酶活性和免疫力,从而改善其生长性能。     

磷钼营养对烤烟色素和中性香味物质的影响

研究了叶面喷施磷和钼对烤烟叶片发育过程中色素及中性香味物质的影响。结果表明:叶面喷施磷和钼可以有效地提高叶片发育过程中叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的积累量,促进成熟期内叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的降解,有效地增加中性香味物质的含量,提高烟叶中新植二烯的含量,对烟叶品质的提高有着良好的效应;不同处理相比,以叶面同时喷施1%过磷酸钙和0.1%钼酸铵效果最好,其次为单独喷施磷,单独喷施钼效果较差。     

Exogenous protease supplementation of poultry by‐product meal‐based diets for broilers: Effects on growth,carcass characteristics and nutrient digestibility

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of three levels (0%, 3% and 6%) of poultry by‐product meal (PBM) with or without protease on broiler growth, carcass characteristics and nutrient digestibility from 1 to 35 days. Two hundred and forty birds (n = 240) were fed equi‐caloric and equi‐nitrogenous (ME 2850 kcal/kg; CP 20%) diets throughout the experiment. The enzyme supplementation increased feed intake (p < .01) and body weight gain (p < .01), but feed:gain remained unaffected (p > .05) from 1 to 21 days. Increasing level of PBM decreased feed intake (p < .05), but body weight gain was improved (p < .05) at 3% PBM level during 1 to 21 days. The feed:gain was improved (p < .05) in birds fed diets containing 3% PBM. The feed:gain was also improved in birds fed diets containing 3% PBM from 1 to 35 days. However, feed intake and body weight gain in birds fed diets containing PBM remained unaffected. An interaction (p < .01) on feed intake between enzyme and PBM was noticed during 1 to 21 days. However, no interaction was recorded for body weight gain and feed:gain. The per cent carcass yield improved (p < .01) in birds fed diets supplemented with enzyme. The per cent breast meat yield was depressed (p < .005) in birds fed diets containing PBM. Apparent metabolizable energy (p < .001), nitrogen retention (p < .01), apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (p < .001), and apparent digestibility coefficient for nitrogen (p < .01) improved in birds fed diets containing enzyme; however, a reverse was noticed in those fed diets containing only PBM. In conclusion, inclusion of 3% PBM along with supplementation of exogenous protease improved performance and nutrient digestibility in broilers.     

中草药添加剂对真鲷幼鱼生长和蛋白质消化吸收的影响

将体重为(22.18±1.44)g的真鲷Pagrosomus major幼鱼饲养于80 cm×40 cm×50 cm的水槽内(水温22±0.5 ℃),连续投喂含山楂、麦芽、当归等中草药的饲料2个月.试验中,中草药(粉剂和水煎剂)分别以1%、2%、3%(质量分数)的剂量添加到基础饲料中,试验结束时测定鱼体的增重并计算饵料系数,分3个阶段(每20 d为1个阶段)测定饲料总消化率、蛋白质消化率和幼鱼胃、肠道及肝脏中蛋白酶的活性.结果表明:摄食添加中草药饲料的6组鱼生长速度均快于对照组,且粉剂和水煎剂中均以2%剂量组幼鱼的生长最佳,相对增重率分别比对照组提高了39.43%和47.16%,均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);饵料系数均低于对照组,两种剂型的2%剂量组均比对照组低0.10,均达到了显著性水平(P<0.05);中草药添加剂对鱼胃、肠道及肝脏中的蛋白酶活性及消化吸收的影响与对生长的影响相似,两种剂型的中草药处理组均在第2、3阶段与对照组之间出现极显著的差异(P<0.01),且均以2%剂量组为最佳.     

Seeding nets with neutral spores of the red alga Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kützing for use in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA)

Nets in traditional Porphyra mariculture are seeded with conchospores derived from the conchocelis phase, and spend a nursery period in culture tanks or calm coastal waters until they reach several centimeters in length. Some species of Porphyra can regenerate the foliose phase directly through asexual reproduction, which suggests that the time, infrastructure, and costs associated with conchocelis culture might be avoided by seeding nets with asexual spores. Here, we present work from a short-term mariculture study using nets seeded with asexual spores (neutral spores) of a native Maine species of Porphyra. Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kützing was selected for this proof of concept research because of its reproductive biology, abundance across seasons in Maine, and evidence of its promise as a mariculture crop. We studied the maturation, release, and germination of the neutral spores to develop an appropriate seeding protocol for nets, followed by development of a nursery raceway to provide an easily manipulated environment for the seeded nets. Neutral spores were produced throughout the year on the central Maine coast; however, there was a temporal variability in the number and survival of released neutral spores, depending upon thallus position in the intertidal zone. Small thalli were strictly vegetative, but most thalli reproduced by neutral spores; sexual reproduction was absent. Neutral spores germinated quickly at 10 and 15 °C, but germination was delayed at 5 °C. Unlike some algal zygotes and spores, neutral spores of P. umbilicalis required light to germinate; however, irradiances of 25 and 100 μmol photons m^− 2 s^− 1 were equally sufficient for germination. Rafts of seeded nets were deployed in Cobscook Bay, Maine, at two distances from salmon aquaculture pens and at a control site on a nearby, fallow aquaculture site (no salmon). There was no difference in nitrogen content of harvested thalli; however, both the density and the surface area of harvested thalli were different among the sites. The possible causes of these differences are discussed in the context of potential use of P. umbilicalis in IMTA.     

小肽制品对凡纳滨对虾蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力的影响

采用单因子浓度梯度法,基础饲料中加入0.1%、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%六个不同添加梯度的小肽制品,以基础饲料为对照,饲喂凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeusvannamei),初始体重0.084g。37d后,测定凡纳滨对虾的蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力。结果表明,添加不同水平的小肽制品对凡纳滨对虾的肝胰腺类胰蛋白酶活力没有显著影响(P>0.05),但添加1.0%和1.5%小肽可极显著地提高凡纳对虾的胃和肝胰腺的胃蛋白酶活力及胃和肠的类胰蛋白酶活力(P>0.01),同时添加1.0%小肽可极显著提高凡纳滨对虾胃和肠的淀粉酶活力(P>0.01),添加1.5%小肽显著提高凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺淀粉酶活力(P>0.05)。     

酶法制备活性肽的讨论

酶解蛋白质产生的短肽混合物中,一些肽段不仅提供营养,而且具有特殊生理功 能,称为活性肽。目前,由于蛋白酶解制备法可实现规模化大生产,活性肽的主要生产方法是酶 法制备活性肽。本文讨论了酶法制备活性肽工艺流程的主要步骤,判定酶解效果的指标,酶的 选用,酶解各种影响因素如温度、酸度、加酶量、底物浓度、水解时间等对应参数的确定。对当前 存在的问题提出了理论上的的解决方法,并对在新的技术背景下,如何更高效率地生产活性肽 进行了展望。     

不同生长阶段兰州鲇消化酶活性的比较研究

测定了不同生长阶段兰州鲇(Silurus lanzhotaensis)胃、肝胰脏、前肠、中肠、后肠的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活性.结果表明,兰州鲇蛋白酶活性大小为:前肠>中肠>后肠>肝胰脏>胃,阶段1[体重(51.9±6.0)g]>阶段2[体重(228.6±16.6)g]>阶段3[体重(448.9±26.5)g],且差异显著;淀粉酶活性:肝胰脏>胃>前肠>中肠>后肠,阶段1>阶段2>阶段3,差算显著;脂肪酶活性大小为:后肠>中肠>前肠>肝胰脏>胃,但各阶段差异不显著.随着年龄的增长,兰州鲇对蛋白质和碳水化合物的消化能力逐渐减弱.     

防褐化处理对蒙古栎插穗生根及其生理生化的影响

研究防褐化处理对蒙古栎嫩枝扦插生根的影响。以蒙古栎3年实生苗的嫩枝为材料,分别采用乙醇、硝酸银、抗坏血酸对插穗进行防褐化处理,采用500 mg·L^-1 IBA-K浸蘸处理后扦插,并分别在扦插后0、10、20、30、40、50 d取样测定不同生根时期氧化蛋白酶活性和内源激素含量。结果表明,防褐化处理可有效提高扦插生根率,以1%乙醇1 h+500 mg·L^-1 IBA-K处理2 h最佳,生根率、根系效果指数分别为21.1%和5.713。在生根过程中,外施500 mg·L^-1 IBA-K能够提升插穗内POD、PPO的活性,降低IAAO的活性,且IAA/ABA、IAA/ZR的比值升高,有利于蒙古栎嫩枝扦插生根。由此说明1%乙醇1 h浸泡结合500 mg·L^-1 IBA-K激素处理,通过提高POD与PPO的活性,可降低IAAO的活性,增加IAA/ZR和IAA/ABA的比值,提升蒙古栎嫩枝扦插成活率。