新烟碱类杀虫剂亚致死剂量对麦长管蚜和棉蚜取食行为的影响

为了明确新烟碱类杀虫剂亚致死剂量对麦长管蚜和棉蚜拒食作用的差异,通过铷标记法、蜜露法以及两种蚜虫体内总糖、总脂含量的测定研究了新烟碱类杀虫剂亚致死剂量对麦长管蚜和棉蚜取食的影响。结果表明,铷标记法和蜜露法测定的新烟碱类杀虫剂亚致死剂量对麦长管蚜的拒食率均在80%以上,而对棉蚜的拒食率均在25%以下。蚜虫体内总糖总脂含量测定结果表明,新烟碱类杀虫剂亚致死剂量处理后麦长管蚜体内总糖、总脂含量均显著低于对照,而棉蚜体内总糖、总脂含量与对照均无显著差异。三种方法测定结果一致表明新烟碱类杀虫剂亚致死剂量对麦长管蚜具有很强的拒食作用,而对棉蚜没有明显的拒食作用。     

五种药剂对黏虫卵的室内触杀效果及胚胎发育的影响

为有效防控黏虫Mythimna separata,选用灭多威、苦参·印楝素、苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis、甲维盐和高效氯氟氰菊酯5种药剂对其卵进行室内触杀试验,比较这5种药剂对黏虫卵和初孵幼虫的触杀效果及对卵的毒力,测定不同药剂处理后黏虫卵初孵幼虫存活率、发育历期、化蛹率、蛹重和羽化率;并通过冷冻切片技术观察不同药剂处理后黏虫卵的外部形态和胚胎发育情况。室内触杀试验结果表明,苦参·印楝素浓度大于0.1 mg/L时,对产后不同时间黏虫卵的校正死亡率介于42.89%～97.34%之间,苏云金芽胞杆菌浓度为0.01 mg/L时对产后72 h黏虫卵的校正死亡率已达71.99%;各浓度苦参·印楝素和苏云金芽胞杆菌处理产后24、48和72 h黏虫卵后,其初孵幼虫校正死亡率介于39.02%～83.59%之间。苦参·印楝素对产后24、48 h黏虫卵的毒力最大,致死中浓度LC_(50)分别为0.018、0.109 mg/L;苏云金芽胞杆菌对产后72 h黏虫卵的毒力最大,LC_(50)为0.004 mg/L。黏虫卵经5种药剂处理后,幼虫化蛹率、蛹重和羽化率分别介于91.07%～93.64%、0.272～0.284 g和86.60%～87.78%之间,与对照差异不显著,幼虫存活率较对照显著下降43.02%～60.27%,幼虫发育历期较对照延长0.23～0.88 d,其中灭多威、苦参·印楝素、苏云金芽胞杆菌处理的幼虫发育历期较对照显著延长。苦参·印楝素、苏云金芽胞杆菌使胚胎无法形成正常胚带,同时会使已发育的虫体出现蜷缩、腹部皱缩;高效氯氟氰菊酯会延缓胚胎发育时间,使已形成的虫体畸形或使其肠道断裂;甲维盐影响虫体对营养物质的吸收,造成虫体萎缩,使其不能正常孵化。在黏虫卵防治中推荐使用苏云金芽胞杆菌和苦参·印楝素。     

枣叶瘿蚊在阿克苏市的消长规律及其防治研究

利用黄板引诱枣叶瘿蚊成虫与定时定点调查幼虫相结合的方法监测枣叶瘿蚊消长动态。监测发现,枣叶瘿蚊在阿克苏市1年发生4代。从总的发生趋势来看,第1代和第2代的发生数量最高。根据其发生趋势明确了防治的关键时期应放在第1代幼虫期,可有效控制枣叶瘿蚊的下一代发生数量。此外,对枣叶瘿蚊采取药剂防治和黄板诱杀,试验结果表明,供试药剂中48%毒死蜱EC效果最好,其防效达到了92.79%;5%吡虫啉EC、25%氰·马EC效果欠佳,防效仅达78%左右;挂黄板和不挂黄板的效果比较,表明挂黄板的效果更好。     

农用杀虫剂氯虫苯甲酰胺对家蚕的毒性研究

氯虫苯甲酰胺(Chlorantraniliprole)独特的杀虫原理和优良的杀虫效果使其迅速成为大田作物害虫防治的主要药剂之一。采用食下、内吸和熏蒸等方法,并通过田间试验,研究了氯虫苯甲酰胺对家蚕的毒性效应。食下毒力试验结果经Pearson拟合度检验表明,氯虫苯甲酰胺对3龄起蚕的食下致死中浓度(LC50)为4.090 5×10-3mg/L,致死中量(LD50)为1.143 5×10-8mg/头;药剂在常规浓度下对家蚕无熏蒸毒性;1.25×10-4mg/L稀释药液对桑树根灌和喷叶处理,表现极强的根部、叶部和全株性内吸传导特性;药液对家蚕的残毒期很长,1.25×10-4mg/L稀释药液田间喷雾桑叶,间隔60 d后采叶饲喂3龄和5龄蚕的死亡率均为100%,且中毒反应极快,添食毒叶后1～5 h出现中毒症状,经停止食桑、静伏、少量吐液、蚕体萎缩等过程后陆续死亡。根据试验结果建议农药管理部门尽快采取措施,确保该杀虫剂在防治其它农作物害虫时,减少对养蚕业的影响,蚕区最好禁用该杀虫剂。     

氟啶虫胺腈对中黑盲蝽发育繁殖及药剂敏感性亚致死效应

目的 研究亚致死浓度氟啶虫胺腈对中黑盲蝽发育和繁殖的影响,分析亚致死浓度处理下中黑盲蝽对其他药剂的敏感性变化。方法 采用生命表法,研究亚致死浓度氟啶虫胺腈处理对中黑盲蝽发育历期、羽化率、寿命和产卵的亚致死效应;采用浸渍法,测定亚致死浓度氟啶虫胺腈处理下中黑盲蝽对其他药剂的敏感性。结果 经LC₁₀和LC₂₅氟啶虫胺腈处理,中黑盲蝽3~5龄若虫历期分别比对照显著延长2.35 和4.19 d,产卵前期分别比对照显著延长3.6 和4 d,单雌产卵量分别比对照显著减少了11.93和13.23粒。经氟啶虫胺腈LC₁₀和LC₂₅处理,吡虫啉、呋虫胺、高效氯氟氰菊酯3种杀虫剂的LC₅₀在CK对照组中分别为187.18、506.35和153.22 mg/L,在LC₁₀处理组中分别为134.15、370.99和111.15 mg/L,在LC₂₅处理组中分别为86.90、271.15和97.60 mg/L。中黑盲蝽受氟啶虫胺腈亚致死浓度LC₁₀和LC₂₅处理,对吡虫啉、呋虫胺、高效氯氟氰菊酯3种杀虫剂的敏感性均增加。结论 氟啶虫胺腈亚致死浓度处理使中黑盲蝽发育迟缓且繁殖力降低,亚致死浓度处理增加中黑盲蝽对吡虫啉、呋虫胺、高效氯氟氰菊酯的敏感性。     

杀虫剂对新入侵海南草地贪夜蛾种群幼虫的毒力

草地贪夜蛾是2019年1月新入侵我国云南的重大农业害虫,4月首次在海口玉米田中剥查发现该虫。草地贪夜蛾严重威胁到海南本地的鲜玉米生产,筛选出具有较高毒力水平的化学药剂防治该虫迫在眉睫。本文采用浸叶法测定了15种杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的毒力。实验结果表明,采用较低浓度的甲维盐（5 mg/L,24 h）和多杀菌素（5 mg/L,24 h）,以及较高浓度氯虫苯甲酰胺（50 mg/L,72 h）和辛硫磷（100 mg/L,72 h）时,对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的致死率达100%,这4种杀虫剂在24 h的LC₅₀分别为0.28、0.31、9.77和11.7 mg/L;其他种类杀虫剂如灭多威、吡丙醚、氟虫腈、啶虫脒、阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯和虱螨脲,在100 mg/L浓度水平下,72 h对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的校正死亡率分别为100%、96.67%、88.33%、86.11%、81.67%、80.83%和80.09%。表明了可选用甲维盐、多杀菌素、氯虫苯甲酰胺和辛硫磷作为主要成分的杀虫剂,并组合其他种类杀虫剂,作为当前防治草地贪夜蛾幼虫主要防治药剂。     

Larvicidal activity of Kaempferia galanga rhizome phenylpropanoids towards three mosquito species

BACKGROUND: This study was aimed at assessing the toxicity of ethyl cinnamate and ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EMC) identified in Kaempferia galangal L. (Zingiberaceae) rhizome and another 12 known compounds to third-instar larvae from laboratory-reared Culex pipiens pallens Forskal, Aedes aegypti L. and Ochlerotatus togoi Theobald and field-collected C. pipiens pallens (Jinhae colony). Results were compared with those for fenthion and temephos. RESULTS: Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate was the most toxic of the test compounds to larvae of the three mosquito species (LC(50) 12.3-20.7 mg L(-1)) but less toxic than either fenthion (0.0096-0.021 mg L(-1)) or temephos (0.0039-0.0079 mg L(-1)). Ethyl cinnamate and 3-carene were highly active against C. pipiens pallens larvae (24.1 and 21.6 mg L(-1)) but less toxic to A. aegypti and O. togoi larvae (ca 40 and 60 mg L(-1) respectively). The toxicity of these compounds to larvae from the Jinhae colony of C. pipiens pallens was almost the same as their toxicity to the laboratory-reared larvae, although the larvae from the colony exhibited low levels of resistance to fenthion (resistance ratio 9.1) and temephos (5.8).CONCLUSION: Kaempferia galanga rhizome-derived materials, particularly ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, merit further study as potential mosquito control agents for protection of humans and domestic animals from vector-borne diseases and nuisance caused by mosquitoes.     

Volatilisation and competing processes computed for a pesticide applied to plants in a wind tunnel system

BACKGROUND: Volatilisation of pesticides from crop canopies can be an important emission pathway. In addition to pesticide properties, competing processes in the canopy and environmental conditions play a part. A computation model is being developed to simulate the processes, but only some of the input data can be obtained directly from the literature. RESULTS: Three well-defined experiments on the volatilisation of radiolabelled parathion-methyl (as example compound) from plants in a wind tunnel system were simulated with the computation model. Missing parameter values were estimated by calibration against the experimental results. The resulting thickness of the air boundary layer, rate of plant penetation and rate of phototransformation were compared with a diversity of literature data. The sequence of importance of the canopy processes was: volatilisation > plant penetration > phototransformation. CONCLUSION: Computer simulation of wind tunnel experiments, with radiolabelled pesticide sprayed on plants, yields values for the rate coefficients of processes at the plant surface. As some input data for simulations are not required in the framework of registration procedures, attempts to estimate missing parameter values on the basis of divergent experimental results have to be continued.