Validation of a small-area method for estimating the spatial distribution of the degree of tree damage

This article presents a validation of a method, proposed in Podlaski (2003), for estimating the degree of tree damage. This method belongs to a group of small-area methods. To estimate the degree of tree damage in individual P₃ sub-blocks of the SINUS system of information on the natural environment, a classification based on the degree of defoliation was used. Spatial distribution of the degree of tree damage was estimated through unrestricted simple random sampling. The maximum total estimation error for proportions of fir and beech with a damage degree of zero, and also with second and third degrees jointly, reached a maximum of 35.6% for fir, and 33.8% for beech. P₃ sub-blocks characterised by the highest proportion of the healthiest trees (at least 15% being undamaged trees) occurred in patches in the case of fir, and in larger, compact areas in the case of beech. Because spatial diversification in the health of fir, and to a smaller degree in the case of beech, occurs at small scales, small-area methods for estimating tree condition are necessary. An analogous scheme, combining small-area with large-area methods (utilising sub-blocks of the network of large-area systems in a small-area inventory, and establishing a common database), could be used on a wider scale; for example, by supplementing the program of estimating tree health carried out by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (Lorenz et al. 2002) with local inventories.     

Do “stakeholders” represent citizen interests? An empirical inquiry into assessments of policy aims in the National Forest Programme for Germany

Participatory National Forest Programmes (NFPs) intend to democratise forest sector policy, but they may suffer from a fundamental democratic legitimisation deficit since the stakeholders involved are neither democratically authorised nor accountable to the population. In order to scrutinise the empirical relevance of this problem in the case of the German NFP, it is analysed how the German population on the one hand and the NFP participants on the other hand assess central forest policy aims of the NFP, and how far both assessments coincide. Two surveys based on identical questionnaires are used as the data base. The respondents assessed the importance of the respective aims as well as at their implementation. Results show that the population considers the majority of the NFP aims to be generally relevant, but assesses the majority of the aims significantly differently from the stakeholders. The formal legitimisation deficit of the German NFP therefore also matters in terms of content. Discussing the NFP among the elected representatives and in the public seems indispensable.Moreover, the differences in the assessment of some policy aims are significantly dependent on how people judge the image of forest enterprises between the opposing poles of profit orientation and nature protection. Public acceptance of those aims could be furthered more appropriately by adjusting the partly incorrect image of forestry rather than by providing more information about the particular aims and their background.     

昆明金殿国家森林公园双乳山景区森林景观改造

针对昆明金殿国家森林公园双乳山景区针叶树多、阔叶树少 ,树种单一的现状 ,根据景区功能 ,有针对性地选择乡土阔叶树种和其它一些有特色的园林植物 ,对景区景观进行改造 ,以改变现有森林的树种结构 ,提高森林景观的观赏价值 ,吸引更多游客前来旅游休闲     

大山包自然保护区越冬黑颈鹤对觅食地选择的初步研究

对云南大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区越冬黑颈鹤种群所选用的觅食地进行了调查和初步研究。研究结果表明:在其越冬黑颈鹤的家庭鹤与集群鹤两种类群中对觅食地的8种生境因子(坡度、坡向、坡位、植被型、植被盖度、植被高度、最近水源距离和最近干扰距离)及其相对应的项目均表现出有相同的选择性。除家庭鹤更偏好选用上坡位(54.4%)作觅食地,而集群鹤更偏好选用下坡位(44.5%)作觅食地外;对其他因子的选择频次相差不大。对大山包自然保护区越冬黑颈鹤觅食地进行了因子分析,提取了主成分。其结果表明:对越冬黑颈鹤觅食地影响较大的生境因子为植被盖度、植被高度、水源距离和干扰距离。对其两种类群而言,对家庭鹤影响较大的生境因子为植被盖度、坡向、干扰距离和植被高度;而对集群鹤影响较大的生境因子为水源距离、坡向和植被高度。越冬黑颈鹤所选择的觅食地的主要特征具体表现为开阔(植被高度3~10 cm,上坡位(54.5%))、距离水源较近(100~500 m)、植被盖度适中(>40%~<60%)、背风〔东北坡向(45.4%)和西南风(63.6%)〕、缓坡(<30°)、附近有人类活动(距100~700 m)的鸭茅草草地。大山包自然保护区越冬黑颈鹤中家庭鹤与集群鹤对觅食地选用的差别主要表现在水源距离、植被盖度和干扰距离上。     

建立山水林田湖草一体化国家公园的机遇分析

指出了推动山水林田湖草一体化国家公园建设,对于我国生态文明建设理论与实践具有十分重要的理论和现实意义。近年来,国家公园建设取得显著成效和积极进展,但同时我国国家公园仍面临诸多问题与挑战,如环境资源保护及人地关系矛盾突出、景区划分混乱及配套设置薄弱、生态保护及自我保护意识薄弱、治理机制不严格等。特别是目前我国新型冠状病毒疫情的爆发,更是反映出我国国民对于生态保护及自我保护意识的薄弱问题。为此,提出了通过签订保护地役权、分区建设、多方合作、联合发展及完善治理体系等四大措施积极推动我国山水林田湖草一体化国家公园体制建设。     

浅议大兴安岭国有企业改革与发展

内论述了要使大兴安岭国企走出困境，实现企业的发展，就要走一条企业改革之路：①实现政企分开；②积极推进企业生产组织方式调整及资产优化；③推进企业技术创新和产业升级；④加强管理；⑤做好转产分流和社会保障工作。     

Cohabitation of tree holes by ants and breeding birds in a temperate deciduous forest

A previously unknown association of ants with birds breeding in tree holes is described. Ants Lasius brunneus Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) were found in c. 15% of nests of Parus major L. and Poecile palustris L. (Paridae) breeding in tree holes in the primeval deciduous forest located in the Bia?owie?a National Park (Poland). The ants preferably used holes located higher above the ground. As such holes are warmer than the unused holes or other nest sites, it is suggested that the ants cohabit holes utilized by the tits to gain thermal benefits.     

Wolves, elk, willows, and trophic cascades in the upper Gallatin Range of Southwestern Montana, USA

We summarized the status of wolves (Canis lupus), elk (Cervis elaphus), and woody browse conditions during the 20th century for the upper Gallatin elk winter range in southwestern Montana, USA. During this period, wolves were present until about the mid-1920s, absent for seven decades, and then returned to the basin in 1996. A chronosequence of photographs, historical reports, and studies indicated willows (Salix spp.) along streams became heavily browsed and eventually suppressed following the removal of wolves, apparently due to unimpeded browsing by elk. However, after wolf establishment in 1996, browsing intensity on willows lessened in some areas and we hypothesized that, at both a landscape and fine scale, browsing pressure reflects terrain configurations influencing predation risk (nonlethal effects), in conjunction with lower elk densities (lethal effects). We measured browsing intensity and heights of Booth willow (S. boothii) along 3000 m reaches of the Gallatin River and a tributary to examine the potential influence of wolf/elk interactions upon willow growth. Where the Gallatin Valley is relatively narrow (high predation risk), willows began releasing in 1999 and by 2002 were relatively tall (150–250 cm). In contrast, willow heights along a wider portion of the Gallatin Valley, along the open landscape of the tributary, and an upland site (all low predation risk) generally remained low (<80 cm). We identified terrain and other features that may contribute to the perceived risk of wolf predation, by elk for a given site. Although alternative mechanisms are discussed, changes in willow communities over time following wolf removal and their subsequent reintroduction were consistent with a top-down trophic cascade model involving nonlethal and possibly lethal effects. If similar top-down effects upon vegetation hold true in other regions of North America and other parts of the world where wolves have been extirpated, wolf recovery may represent a management option for helping to restore riparian plant communities and conserve biodiversity.     

安徽敬亭山国家森林公园开发利用探讨

敬亭山国家森林公园具有森林景观丰富多彩 ;历史文化底蕴丰厚 ;双塔辉映、古朴典雅等旅游资源特色 ,是集森林公园、风景名胜区和城市公园于一身的综合型公园 ,具有极强的竞争力和美好的发展前景。提出将公园划分为游览区、游乐区及管理服务区等功能分区的开发建设构想 ,并提出开展特色旅游等开发利用建议。     

Vertical profiles of environmental factors within tropical rainforest, Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia

Environmental factors, such as global solar radiation, wind speed, air temperature, humidity, and CO₂ concentration, were measured above and within the canopy of a tropical rainforest in Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. Few data concerning the environment of this forest have been reported. Intensive observations were carried out in 1998, 1999, and 2000 with the following results: (1) The fraction of global solar radiation reaching the upper layer of the canopy varied with global solar radiation above the canopy. Even though the global solar radiation above the canopy fluctuated, the fraction of that reaching the lower canopy and the ground was constantly approximately 5%. (2) The fraction of wind speed reaching each layer of the canopy increased with wind speed above the canopy. Little wind was usually present at the lower canopy. (3) The daytime air temperature at the canopy top was higher than that near the ground. The maximum difference between the air temperature at the canopy top and that at the ground was about 5°C, and the diurnal temperature ranges at the canopy top and those at the ground were about 8°C and about 5°C, respectively. The highest daytime water vapor pressure occurred within the canopy and particularly near the ground. Vertical gradients of water vapor pressure during the day were steep, probably because of high transpiration. (4) In the 1998 observation the minimum and the maximum CO₂ concentrations were 360 ppm in the day and 450 ppm at night, while in the 2000 observation the minimum and the maximum CO₂ concentrations were 350 ppm in the day and 540 ppm at night. The higher CO₂ concentration in the daytime and the lower concentration at night observed during the 1998 observation period were probably due to reduced photosynthesis and soil respiration caused by exceptional dry conditions during the observation period.