Resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides and isoproturon in UK populations of Lolium multiflorum: mechanisms of resistance and implications for control

Herbicide-resistant Lolium multiflorum (Italian rye-grass) was first reported in the UK in 1993 and had been confirmed on 25 farms by 1999. In this study, resistance to five herbicides belonging to the aryloxyphenoxypropionate, cyclohexanedione and phenyl-urea classes was determined in six populations of L multiflorum from the UK under glasshouse and simulated field conditions. Glasshouse conditions tended to exaggerate the degree of resistance, but experiments performed in both environments detected resistance in four populations of L multiflorum. Four populations (Essex A1, Lincs A1, Wilts B1, Yorks A2) were resistant to diclofop-methyl, fluazifop-P-butyl, tralkoxydim and partially resistant to isoproturon, but only the population from Yorkshire (Yorks A2) showed resistance to cycloxydim. Biochemical analyses of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) activity, oxygen consumption by thylakoids, diclofop metabolism and glutathione S-transferase activity showed that, in three of the resistant populations, an enhanced rate of herbicide metabolism conferred resistance. This is the first report world-wide of an enhanced metabolism mechanism of diclofop resistance in L multiflorum. In the Yorks A2 population, an insensitive ACCase was detected (target-site resistance) which also conferred cross-resistance to all of the other ACCase inhibitors investigated.     

宁夏引黄灌区春小麦复种牧草模式的综合效益评价

通过麦后不同牧草种类种植效益及潜力研究,探索宁夏引黄灌区麦后复种的粮饲高效种植模式。在对宁夏引黄灌区2010—2019年10 a主要农业气象资料分析的基础上,对宁夏引黄灌区春小麦复种的8种牧草（苏丹草、小黑麦、冬牧70黑麦、燕麦、箭筈碗豆、草木犀、高粱、油菜）类型,运用层次分析法（AHP）,选取经济效益、资源利用效率、地力提升3个二级指标,净收益、产投比等12个三级指标进行综合评价。结果表明:宁夏引黄灌区近10 a平均气温、最高气温、最低气温均值分别为10.5℃、37.0℃、-19.0℃;年均≥0℃和≥10℃积温分别为4 269℃、3 569℃,增温速率为211.71℃·10a^-1;日照时数呈显著下降趋势,日照时长均值是2 933 h,倾向率为-10.36 h·10a^-1。运用层次分析法对灌区春小麦后复种的8种牧草综合分析表明:油菜在三级指标C₁～C₈（实际产量占理论产量比值、水资源产出率、氮肥产出率、磷肥产出率、产量、净收益、产投比、粗蛋白量）中表现较高,其效益值分别为0.35、0.35、0.10...     

红三叶品种比较试验

对筛选出的３种红三叶在适应性和经济性状等方面进行了研究，结果表明，３种红三叶对兰州地区的气候和土壤都具有较强的适应性，其中新西兰红三叶叶量丰富，新草产量达８７．１０ｔ／ｈｍ＾２，在适宜种红三叶的地区有推广价值。     

南方红壤区草被的水土保持功能研究进展

种草是水土保持植物措施的重要组成部分,在南方水土流失区生态恢复与重建中具不可替代的作用。根据前人的研究,阐述草被发生水土保持作用的主要部位,介绍现阶段草地、牧草套种（间作）、草篱的水土保持应用情况与成效,提出南方红壤区草的水土保持应用研究的若干思考：（1）广泛收集水土保持草本植物资源;（2）加强水土保持草种选育与评价体系构建;（3）开展严重侵蚀劣地草被建植关键技术攻关研究;（4）加快侵蚀果茶园水土流失治理与示范;（5）开展水土流失区草业发展关键技术研究。     

8份链荚豆种质坪用价值评价

通过观察8份链荚豆种质草坪密度、均一性、颜色、耐践踏性、草坪盖度等5个坪用价值相关指标,根据草坪不同功能确定指标权重后评分,按照分值进行坪用价值综合评价。结果表明：8份链荚豆种质中,评分最高的是湛江圆叶,得分最低的是儋州尖叶。参照综合坪用价值,湛江圆叶、儋州圆叶、儋州高种、海口圆叶适合作观赏草坪和休憩草坪,湛江圆叶和儋州圆叶适合作运动草坪,湛江圆叶和儋州高种适合作保土草坪。     

不同坡面草被格局下的侵蚀产沙量及其连通性指数表征

为探寻植被格局的定量表征参数,并建立其与侵蚀产沙的关系,深入揭示植被格局阻蚀减沙作用机制,该研究采用室内人工模拟降雨试验,以40%盖度的高羊茅草被坡面为研究对象,探讨了不同坡度（5°、15°和25°）和植被分布格局（裸地、带状横坡、带状顺坡、块状镶嵌、点状均匀格局）下的坡面侵蚀产沙过程变化,并分析了不同草被格局下平均汇流路径长度指数（Mean Flow Length Index,MFLI）、连通性指数（Index of Connectivity,IC）变化及其同坡度和土壤侵蚀量的关系。结果表明：带状顺坡、点状均匀、块状镶嵌和带状横坡的草被坡面平均侵蚀量分别较裸地减小42.9%、55.7%、62.4%和78.0%,带状横坡的阻蚀减沙作用最优。不同草被格局坡面间的MFLI和IC总体也与平均侵蚀量的差异关系一致,从小到大依次为：带状横坡、块状镶嵌、点状均匀、带状顺坡、裸地。MFLI和IC可分别与坡度结合用于模拟评价不同草被格局坡面的侵蚀产沙,决定系数（R2）达0.84以上。其中,IC与坡度的协同性更佳、依赖性更小,是表征植被格局对坡面侵蚀产沙影响的较佳参数。结果可为快速优选水土保持型植被格局、促进生态脆弱区林草植被格局优化和提质增效提供依据。     

提高伏生臂形草种子发芽率的研究初报

实验设计了两种方法来提高伏生臂形草的种子发芽率，分别为：不同浓硫酸浸种时间和硝酸钾溶液培养浓度。结果表明，浓硫酸浸种19min，种子发芽率较高，达69．67％；0．3％的硝酸钾溶液培养，种子发芽效果较好，发芽率为60．67％。     

放牧条件下草地土壤圆锥指数变异及其对牧草生长的影响

为研究放牧条件下草地土壤圆锥指数性质及其对草地牧草产量的影响,在内蒙古正常放牧的4块各100 hm2草地上测定产草量和用装载DGPS的电动圆锥仪测试土壤圆锥指数,采用Kriging插值法分析采样数据,绘制草地产草量和土壤圆锥指数分布图,分析圆锥指数变异对产草量的影响.试验表明,在放牧条件下,草地土壤圆锥指数变异强度中等,圆锥指数太大和太小都会降低草地牧草产量,当草地土壤圆锥指数在0.8～1.6 MPa时,草地牧草产量较高.     

黄土高原草地生产持续发展研究──Ⅰ．沙打旺人工草地衰退后的草种更替

沙打旺（Astragalus adsurgens）人工草地通常生长数年后即自然衰退。由于沙打旺具有强烈的土壤干燥化作用,在衰退草地上播种深根性豆科牧草生长不良;而播种的浅根禾本科牧草则生长正常,这就为衰退后草地的特续发展提供了人工更新草种,并为在不宜农作的土地上建立永久人工草地打下了基础。     

Soil and water conservation in Tigray (Northern Ethiopia): the traditional dagat technique and its integration with introduced techniques

Between the cultivated fields in the highlands of Tigray, one finds, besides the recently introduced stone bunds, many lynchets, with a height ranging from 0·3–3 m. Grasses occupy the riser and a more or less large strip on the shoulder. Traditionally, farmers established an untilled strip of about 2 m wide at the lower plot limit. This grass strip reduced runoff velocity, allowed for water to infiltrate and trapped sediment. Year after year, these lynchets, locally called dagat, continued to grow. In this study, the dagat technique is characterized and its evolution and reasons for partial destruction are outlined. Stereoscopic aerial photo analysis shows for the study area near Hagere Selam (13 °39′N, 39 °10′E, 2650 m a.s.l.) that 20·7 per cent of the major dagats (more than 1 metre high) have disappeared between 1974 and 1994. These lynchets, however, remain an important linear element in the landscape (22·7 m ha⁻¹, i.e. their density on cultivated fields is much higher). Of the smaller lynchets, a great proportion has been levelled in order to increase plot surfaces and spread fertile soil over the field. Famines and impoverishment caused the farmers to increase short‐term agricultural production in this way. Since the 1980s, the farmers built stone bunds on most of the cultivated land. Their average length equals 56·1 m ha⁻¹ in the study area. The establishment of stone bunds results in the development of small terraces. Especially during recent years, there is a tendency to integrate the traditional knowledge of dagat with the building of stone bunds. A quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of both techniques must be made. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.