江苏省城市规模效益时空比较研究——基于灰色关联综合分析法

在总结城市规模效益相关理论的基础上,提出了研究的基本理论假设。然后从城市经济效益、社会效益、环境效益三方面构建城市规模效益指标体系,运用修正后的灰色关联综合比较法对江苏省13个地级市2001￣2005年的城市规模效益与城市规模进行相关分析,并讨论了5年内城市规模效益与城市规模时空演变关系,为城市达到最佳规模效益提供参考。     

昆明市主城区行道树养护质量调查与评价

采用典型抽样的方法,实地调查了昆明市主城区9条主要干道的10 599株行道树,记录了各行道树的存活情况、生长状况、病虫害控制和保护管理措施等因子,并对调查结果进行统计分析,在此基础上对行道树的养护管理质量进行评价,为制定科学、可行的养护质量标准和养护措施提出建议.     

南京市花粉浓度变化规律及预报方法研究

在花粉观测和气象观测资料的基础上,分析了南京地区花粉季节变化规律和日变化规律,以及南京地区不同种类花粉的季节分布特点,发现南京地区花粉分布呈单峰型分布,具有很强的周期性和季节性。3月中旬起,花粉数量迅速增多,到4月中旬达到顶峰,此后缓慢下降,但起伏较大。同时,根据同期气象条件分析了气象因子(温度、湿度、降水、风速)对花粉浓度的影响,建立了花粉浓度预报方程:Y=0.703X1+0.005X2+0.005X3+0.452。其中,Y为花粉浓度预报值;X1为前一日花粉实况;X2为气压差;X3为温度差。     

2005-2014年重庆石漠化地区NDVI的时空变化及其与气候因子相关性分析

为了了解重庆石漠化地区植被恢复以及生态环境治理状况,选取重庆石漠化地区归一化植被指数(NDVI)及气象数据,利用趋势分析、变异系数分析以及偏相关分析等方法,重点探讨了重庆石漠化地区2005-2014年NDVI的时空变化特征,并分析了NDVI变化与气候因子之间的相关性。结果表明:(1)重庆石漠化地区NDVI年际变化总体上呈增加趋势,增加速率为0.08/10 a,其中渝东北地区增长速率相对较高,达0.09/10 a,而NDVI季节变化存在一定差异性,春季增长最为显著,主要分布于渝东北、渝中和渝西地区;(2)渝东北石漠化地区NDVI呈增加趋势的区域范围较大,这对于三峡库区生态环境改善以及水土保持起着至关重要的作用;渝东南、渝中和渝西石漠化地区NDVI整体保持不变,而NDVI呈减小趋势的区域主要分布于乌江流域;(3)重庆石漠化地区2005-2014年NDVI变异系数相对较低,以稳定为主;(4)重庆石漠化地区降水和气温分别与NDVI之间正相关性都大于负相关性。总体上降水量的增加一定程度促进了三峡库区植被的生长,而温度的降低一定程度上抑制了乌江流域植被的生长。     

基于模糊相似优先比的闽台两地果树气候相似性分析

选取台湾主要果树种植区代表站点高雄作为引种源地, 选择年平均气温、最冷月(1月)平均最低气温、历年极端最低气温、年降水量、年日照时数、年平均风速、年平均相对湿度7个因子作为比较因子, 采用模糊相似优先比法对闽台两地7个气候因子和果树气候进行相似性分析, 并划分相似性优先等级, 制作相似性空间分布图。结果表明: (1)漳州市沿海大部、厦门市同安区与台湾省高雄市果树气候相似程度较高; 莆田市区、泉州市大部、漳州市西部相似性中等; 闽中大山带(鹫峰山 戴云山 博平岭)以西的大部分县市农业气候相似性差或不相似, 为不适宜引种区; 其余县市农业气候相似性程度较差, 若要引种, 必须采取保护地栽培。(2)福建省中南部沿海尤其南部沿海地区的气候因子与台湾省高雄市的相似性比较高(年降水量除外)。(3)采用模糊相似优先比法研究闽台两地的果树气候相似性是可行的, 研究结果与实际种植情况相符。研究结果可为地方政府或其他相关部门开展果树优化布局提供决策依据。     

基于熵权物元模型的耕地占补平衡生态安全评价

针对目前耕地占补平衡生态安全评价中信息屏蔽和主观性问题,该研究以重庆市永川区为例,在构建耕地占补平衡生态安全评价指标体系的基础上,结合物元分析法和熵权理论,对其耕地占补平衡生态安全进行定量评价。熵权物元分析法包括构建评价指标体系、评价指标经典域、节域,建立耕地占补平衡生态安全评价物元模型,计算评价指标关联度,确定相关指标权重等内容。研究结果表明:2005年、2009年永川区耕地占补平衡生态安全级别为"较安全",2015年和2020年永川区耕地占补平衡生态安全级别为"安全",2005年、2009年、2015年和2020年永川区耕地占补平衡生态安全级别整体上呈现出由"较安全"向"安全"的提升趋势;物元分析单指标评价结果表明,永川区耕地占补平衡生态安全主要制约因子是人口密度、森林覆盖率、单位面积耕地农药负荷以及单位面积耕地化肥负荷等,而耕地占补平衡生态安全主要促进因子则是人均耕地面积、耕地与其他土地比例、农民人均纯收入年增长率、GDP年增长率、第一产业产值年增长率、人口自然增长率等。此外,为了验证熵权物元模型评价的可行性与合理性,将其评价结果与模糊综合评价结果进行比较,结果表明熵权物元评价结果与模糊综合评价结果基本一致,虽个别年份有差异,但未出现越级现象。与模糊综合评价相比,熵权物元评价结果更为准确、合理直观,能更细致地描述对象的生态安全等级,为耕地占补平衡生态安全评价研究提供了一种简单实用且科学合理的评价方法。     

Vegetation dynamics of coal mining city in an arid desert region of Northwest China from 2000 to 2019

Coal mining has led to serious ecological damages in arid desert region of Northwest China. However, effects of climatic factor and mining activity on vegetation dynamics and plant diversity in this region remain unknown. Wuhai City located in the arid desert region of Northwest China is an industrial city and dominated by coal mining. Based on Landsat data and field investigation in Wuhai City, we analyzed the vegetation dynamics and the relationships with climate factors, coal mining activity and ecological restoration projects from 2000 to 2019. Results showed that vegetation in Wuhai City mostly consisted of desert plants, such as Caragana microphylla, Tetraena mongolica and Achnatherum splendens. And the vegetation fractional coverage(VFC) and greenness rate of change(GRC) showed that vegetation was slightly improved during the study period. Normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) was positively correlated with annual mean precipitation, relative humidity and annual mean temperature, indicating that these climate factors might play important roles in the improved vegetation. Vegetation coverage and plant diversity around the coal mining area were reduced by coal mining, while the implementation of ecological restoration projects improved the vegetation coverage and plant diversity. Our results suggested that vegetation in the arid desert region was mainly affected by climate factors, and the implementation of ecological restoration projects could mitigate the impacts of coal mining on vegetation and ecological environment.     

Spatiotemporal evolution and prediction of habitat quality in Hohhot City of China based on the InVEST and CA-Markov models

With the acceleration of urbanization, changes in the urban ecological environment and landscape pattern have led to a series of prominent ecological environmental problems. In order to better coordinate the balanced relationship between city and ecological environment, we selected land use change data to evaluate the habitat quality in Hohhot City of China, which is of great practical significance for regional urban and economic development. Thus, the integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs (InVEST) and Cellular Automata-Markov (CA-Markov) models were used to analyze, predict, and explore the Spatiotemporal evolution path and characteristics of urban land use, and forecast the typical evolution pattern of land use in 2030. The results showed that the land use types in Hohhot City changed significantly from 2000 to 2020, and the biggest change took place in cultivated land, grassland, shrub, and artificial surface. The decrease of cultivated land area and the increase of artificial surface area were the main impact trend of land use change. The average value of habitat quality had been decreasing continuously from 2000 to 2020, and the values of habitat degradation were 0.2605, 0.2494, and 0.2934 in 2000, 2010, and 2020, respectively, showing a decreasing trend. The decrease of habitat quality was caused by the needs of economic development and urban construction, as well as the impact of land occupation. During this evolution, many cultivated land and urban grassland had been converted into construction land. The simulated land use changes in 2030 are basically the same as those during 2000-2020, and the habitat quality will still be declining. The regional changes are influenced by the urban rapid development and industrial layout. These results can provide decision-making reference for regional urban planning and management as well as habitat quality evaluation.     

黄山市土壤主要养分含量空间分布特征及影响因素

该文以安徽省黄山市为研究对象,应用地统计学和GIS技术研究土壤养分(有机质、有效磷、速效钾)的空间分布特征及影响因子。结果表明:有机质和速效钾的变异系数均介于0.1~1之间,属中等变异,有效磷的变异系数1,属较强变异。地统计分析表明,3种土壤养分均呈现较强的空间自相关性,说明结构因素是其主导因素。普通Kriging插值结果表明,黄山市有机质含量从西南至东部逐渐减小,并呈片状分布。有效磷的空间分布为从南到北,由东至西逐渐减小。速效钾则呈现低值区片状分布,高值区斑块状分布的趋势。总体来说土壤类型、质地和坡度对养分均有显著影响。研究结果可为黄山市合理施肥,提高土壤肥力提供科学有效的依据。     

南京市农村环境综合整治示范区典型探究

通过对南京市2010以来的农村环境连片整治建设工作进行实地考察及专题调研,以高淳区、江宁区工作内容为重点,探讨两地各有特色的建设模式,总结了目前南京市农村环境整治方面存在的普遍性问题和共同经验,提出推进农村环境连片整治工作的建议,为其它地区更好的开展农村环境整治工作提供借鉴。