基于GreenSeeker的水稻氮素估测

为研究水稻植株氮素指标与GreenSeeker植被指数的定量关系,通过设置不同年份、不同氮肥水平的田间试验,于移栽后定期使用GreenSeeker获取冠层归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)和比值植被指数(RVI),并同步破坏性取样获取植株生物量和氮含量,分析不同品种和不同氮营养条件下氮素和植被指数(NDVI和RVI)变化规律,建立基于NDVI和RVI的氮素监测模型。结果表明,植株氮含量可以基于NDVI和RVI分时期进行估算,植株氮积累量可以被分阶段反演。利用GreenSeeker可以实现水稻氮素快速无损监测,为水稻氮肥精确管理提供技术支持。     

基于时序归一化植被指数的冬小麦收获指数空间信息提取

为获取农作物收获指数（HI）空间分布信息,该研究充分利用遥感技术,以冬小麦为例,利用时序归一化植被指数NDVI构成的作物生长过程曲线提取MODIS NDVI阶段性累积特征参数,并用生殖生长关键阶段和营养生长关键阶段对应的NDVI累积参数比值HINDVI_SUM构建了用于反演冬小麦收获指数的参数,并建立了参数HINDVI_SUM与冬小麦实测收获指数的定量关系,利用上述定量关系实现作物收获指数空间信息的提取。经过对反演冬小麦收获指数的精度验证,结果表明,利用构建参数HINDVI_SUM在区域范围内反演冬小麦收获指数取得了较好的效果。其中,冬小麦收获指数预测的平均相对误差为2.40%,均方根误差（RMSE）为0.02,证明了该研究利用时序NDVI构建参数HINDVI_SUM反演区域冬小麦收获指数空间信息的方法准确性和可行性。     

冬小麦遥感估产回归尺度分析

将统计业务和遥感估产结合起来,以北京市统计局提供的实割实测产量数据作为野外样方,利用抽样村和地块两种尺度的实测数据,用抽样村整体回归、地块整体回归和地块分层回归3种方法进行遥感估产,将所得结果与北京市统计局发布的统计单产从不同级别进行比较分析。结果表明,利用抽样村和地块两种尺度的实测数据进行回归估产都可以得到高精度的市级单产;在区县级别上利用地块尺度的实测数据进行估产得到的区县级单产精度高于抽样村尺度;在村级上利用地块实测数据进行单产预测能够较抽样村尺度更好的反映实际单产,模型更加稳定。因此,利用地块尺度的实测产量数据建立整体回归和分层回归模型都是可行,有效的,可以得到小区域尺度高精度的单产结果。     

基于GIS和RS的中国西北NDVI变化特征及其与气候变化的耦合性

整合遥感和地理信息技术,对中国西北地区近25 a来NDVI时空变化特征及其与气候变化的耦合关系进行了研究,结果表明：高寒草甸和落叶针叶林的NDVI增加趋势较明显,线性倾向率p=0.2%/10 a。枯黄期推后导致NDVI明显增加,线性倾向率达0.27%/10 a;青藏高原、天山南脉的春季气温和北疆、汉中地区的秋季气温上升较明显,半湿润和半干旱过渡地区降水变幅较大;江河源地区NDVI和气温的相关系数达到0.6,河西-阿拉善、南疆等干旱地区NDVI和降水的相关性较高,相关系数为0.65。夏、秋季汉中、祁连和天山     

Saiga antelope calving site selection is increasingly driven by human disturbance

Many terrestrial mammalian species aggregate to give birth. Such aggregations are likely to be a response to changing resource and water availability, for predator swamping and avoidance of disturbance. The critically endangered saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica) is one such species. We analysed spatio-temporal locations of saiga calving aggregations in Kazakhstan over the last four decades obtained from aerial and ground surveys, to identify the factors determining the selection of calving sites within the species’ range as well as any changes in these locations over time. Generalized mixed models were employed in a use - availability framework to assess the factors distinguishing calving from random sites and predict suitable areas for calving. Saigas selected sites, with lower than average productivity and low year to year variability in productivity, at an intermediate distance from water sources, and away from human settlements. A significant change in calving locations was observed during the last decade, with calving areas occurring further north and further away from settlements than previously. The results demonstrate that the choice of calving areas is largely driven by environmental factors. However, disturbance also has a significant impact on calving site selection and in recent decades, its influence overrides that of environmental factors. This increase in the influence of disturbance coincides with a precipitous decline in saiga numbers due to poaching, as well as substantial reductions in the intensity of land use for livestock grazing following the breakup of the Soviet Union. Predictive models based on such studies can improve species conservation by guiding the stratification of sampling for effective monitoring and deployment of rangers to protect the females at this critical time.     

基于小波融合的泉州市QuickBird影像绿地信息提取

以2006年泉州市部分QuickBird多光谱影像与全色影像为实验区数据基础，在遥感软件ERDASIMAGINE9．2平台支持下，应用小波融合算法及融合规则实现QuickBird融合处理，在此基础上进行归一化植被指数（NDVI）运算，通过人机交互式提取得到实验区5种主要的绿地类型：公园绿地、生产绿地、防护绿地、附属绿地及其他绿地．结果表明：1）QuickBird多光谱影像、全色影像的信息熵分别为3．975，4．162，而QuickBird融合影像的信息熵为7．251，明显高于前两者，融合后空间信息更丰富；2）QuickBird融合影像的平均梯度是3．328，多光谱影像、全色影像分别是1．552，2．965，融合影像纹理特征更明显；3）QuickBird融合影像与多光谱影像的偏差是0．0359，全色影像的偏差为0．0562，均接近于0，小波融合影像较好地保持了源图像的光谱特性；4）绿地信息分类提取的精度为89．6％，趋近90％．     

冬小麦不同株型品种光谱响应及株型识别方法研究

以直立和平展2种株型的冬小麦品种为材料，研究了它们的光谱响应以及田间植被覆盖度的差异，探讨了利用冠层光谱反射率、光谱特征参量NDVI及植被覆盖度识别小麦株型的方法。结果表明，（1）小麦不同株型品种在近红外波段（700～1300 nm）光谱反射率有明显差异，生育前期平展型品种高于直立型品种，并以拔节期的差异为最显著，随着生育进程差异逐渐变小。拔节期是进行株型识别的最佳时期，并且此期冠层的敏感波段680 nm和760～900 nm的反射率在2种株型品种之间差异明显。（2）小麦冠层叶面积指数（LAI）与归一化差异植被指数NDVI(680,890)呈正相关，并且不同生育阶段其相关程度有差异，这是利用NDVI和植被覆盖度(COV)识别不同株型的基础。（3）相同COV条件下，直立型品种的NDVI高于平展型品种的NDVI，并且随着COV的增加，差异逐渐变小，二者的变化关系体现了直立型品种株型紧凑和平展型品种株型披散的特点，利用NDVI和COV的关系可以对株型进行识别，以小麦拔节期为最佳识别阶段，此期2种株型品种的NDVI具有显著差异（P＜0.05）。     

基于遥感技术的气象因素变化影响水稻单产定量研究

以黑龙江省五常市为研究区域，应用在水稻移栽期至成熟期选择的系列MODIS影像反演NDVI，通过NDVI间接反演LAI，并逐日拟合水稻全生育期的LAI，结合SIMRIW模型，计算研究区域2006年低温影响下的水稻单产。经演算，水稻单产值为5411．74kg／hm^2，是实际值的84％。研究结果表明应用高时间分辨率MODIS图像能够准确反演并拟合逐日LAI，可以为冷害影响下水稻单产的研究提供参考。     

Enhancing the Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) approach for estimating landscape ET: Validation with the METRIC model

Evapotranspiration (ET) can be derived from satellite data using surface energy balance principles. METRIC (Mapping EvapoTranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration) is one of the most widely used models available in the literature to estimate ET from satellite imagery. The Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) model is much easier and less expensive to implement. The main purpose of this research was to present an enhanced version of the Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) model and to evaluate its performance using the established METRIC model. In this study, SSEB and METRIC ET fractions were compared using 7 Landsat images acquired for south central Idaho during the 2003 growing season. The enhanced SSEB model compared well with the METRIC model output exhibiting an r² improvement from 0.83 to 0.90 in less complex topography (elevation less than 2000 m) and with an improvement of r² from 0.27 to 0.38 in more complex (mountain) areas with elevation greater than 2000 m. Independent evaluation showed that both models exhibited higher variation in complex topographic regions, although more with SSEB than with METRIC. The higher ET fraction variation in the complex mountainous regions highlighted the difficulty of capturing the radiation and heat transfer physics on steep slopes having variable aspect with the simple index model, and the need to conduct more research. However, the temporal consistency of the results suggests that the SSEB model can be used on a wide range of elevation (more successfully up 2000 m) to detect anomalies in space and time for water resources management and monitoring such as for drought early warning systems in data scarce regions. SSEB has a potential for operational agro-hydrologic applications to estimate ET with inputs of surface temperature, NDVI, DEM and reference ET.     

Multi-time scale analysis of sugarcane within-field variability: improved crop diagnosis using satellite time series?

Within-field spatial variability is related to multiple factors that can be time-independent or time-dependent. In this study, our working hypothesis is that a multi-time scale analysis of the dynamics of spatial patterns can help establish a diagnosis of crop condition. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the within-field variability of a sugarcane crop at seasonal and annual time scales, and tried to link this variability to environmental (climate, topography, and soil depth) and cropping (harvest date) factors. The analysis was based on a sugarcane field vegetation index (NDVI) time series of fifteen SPOT images acquired in the French West Indies (Guadeloupe) in 2002 and 2003, and on an original classification method that enabled us to focus on crop spatial variability independently of crop growth stages. We showed that at the seasonal scale, the within-field growth pattern depended on the phenological stage of the crop and on cropping operations. At the annual scale, NDVI maps revealed a stable pattern for the two consecutive years at peak vegetation, despite very different rainfall amounts, but with inverse NDVI values. This inversion is linked with the topography and consequently to the plant water status. We conclude that (1) it is necessary to know the crop growing cycle to correctly interpret the spatial pattern, (2) single-date images may be insufficient for the diagnosis of crop condition or for prediction, and (3) the pattern of vigour occurrence within fields can help diagnose growth anomalies.