独龙江流域森林资源现状及特点

根据森林资源规划设计调查方法,将独龙江流域进行单独区划,衔接县级林地保护利用规划及公益林生态效益补偿实施方案修编成果,得到了独龙江流域的森林资源现状。分析认为,独龙江流域具有林地比例高,人均林地面积多;森林覆盖率高,林地利用充分;乔木林每公顷蓄积量大,森林质量高;生态区位重要,公益林比例和林地保护等级高;天然林比重大,近成过熟林比例高;原始林多,植被保护好等特点。提出分级保护、发展林下经济、开展森林生态旅游、禁止木材运出等保护及开发利用建议。     

特殊工况下农用三轮摩托车车架结构分析

针对农村路况的特殊性,运用通用有限元软件UGNX构建农用三轮摩托车的有限元模型,分析了静态条件下的车架的动刚度和弯曲刚度。同时构建了农用三轮摩托车后单边轮通过凸台、后双边轮通过凸台和前轮通过凸台3种特殊工况,分析了这3种特殊工况下三轮摩托车整车的动强度、变形量及应力。分析结果表明,静态条件下的车架结构满足设计要求,特殊工况下三轮摩托车整车结构有出现应力集中的地方,这些地方在设计时应该加强。     

拖拉机冷却系统效率影响因素分析

研究了拖拉机冷却系统效率的影响因素,为提高整机冷却系统效率提供技术支持。     

氮磷钾肥施用对莴笋产量、收益及农学效率的影响

通过田间小区试验,在天津市武清区研究了氮、磷、钾肥的施用对莴笋产量、经济效益及农学效率的影响。结果表明:氮、钾肥对莴笋产量影响较大,不施氮、钾肥莴笋减产7.4%和6.0%,与OPT处理产量相比,差异均达极显著水平;从经济效益来看,氮、钾肥施用对莴笋经济效益较好,增收分别为4 500元·hm-2和3 465元·hm-2;从养分农学效率来看,N的农学效率为13.5kg·kg-1,P2O5的农学效率为4.9 kg·kg-1,K2O的农学效率为15.5 kg·kg-1,莴笋养分农学效率依次为钾氮磷。     

Effects of dietary carbohydrate level on growth and body composition of juvenile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus×O. aureus

A growth trial was conducted to feed juvenile tilapia (initial weight, 9.1±0.1 g), Oreochromis niloticus×O. aureus, isonitrogenous diets for 8 weeks. Six diets were formulated containing 29% crude protein from casein and gelatin, 10% crude fat from soybean oil and refined soybean lecithin and varying levels of corn starch ranging from 6% to 46% at increments of 8%, with corresponding energy to protein (E/P) ratios of 35.6, 37.9, 40.2, 42.5, 44.8 and 47.1 kJ g^?1. Weight gain (WG), specific growth rate, feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio were significantly higher in fish fed diets with starch ≥22% (or E/P ratio ≥40.2 kJ g^?1) than in fish fed diets with 6% or 14% starch (or E/P ratio of 35.6 or 37.9 kJ g^?1). No further improvement was measured when dietary starch content increased beyond 22%. Body protein retention showed the same general pattern as WG, and was highest in fish fed the 22% starch diet. Body composition was significantly affected by dietary starch level. Fish fed diets with starch ≥30% had significantly higher lipid content than fish fed diets with 6% or 14% starch. Ash content was negatively correlated with starch inclusion level, but moisture and protein contents did not show discernible trends among treatments. Results indicate that hybrid tilapia can utilize 46% dietary starch without growth retardation, while 22% starch in feed for juvenile tilapia containing 29% protein and 10% lipid, or an E/P ratio of 37.9 kJ g^?1 is optimal.     

Optimal dietary protein requirement of grouper Epinephelus coioides juveniles fed isoenergetic diets in floating net cages

An experiment to determine the optimal protein requirement of grouper Epinephelus coioides juveniles was conducted in floating net cages (1.5 m × 1 m × 1.5 m). Six isoenergetic fishmeal–casein‐based experimental diets containing 350–600 g kg^?1 crude protein (CP) were fed to triplicate groups of 20 fish (10.7 ± 0.2 g) for 56 days. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) increased with increasing dietary protein level from 350 to 450 g kg^?1 and then plateaued above these levels. Feed intake (FI) showed no significant difference among fish fed more than 350 g kg^?1 CP. Lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was found for fish fed 500 g kg^?1 CP but this was not significantly different from that of fish fed the 450 and 600 g kg^?1 CP. Lowest protein efficiency ratio (PER) was found for fish fed 550 and 600 g kg^?1 CP. Fish fed the 600 g kg^?1 CP had the highest body protein and moisture contents but the lowest body lipid content. Body ash content was unaffected by protein level for fish fed >400 g kg^?1 CP. Dietary protein level had no significant effect on hepatosomatic index (HSI). Fish fed the 350 g kg^?1 CP had significantly lower condition factor (CF) and viscerosomatic index (VSI). Based on broken‐line regression analysis of SGR the optimal dietary protein requirement for E. coioides juveniles was determined to be close to 480 g kg^?1.     

Efficiency of presence-absence sampling used to estimate the mean abundance of fish eggs

ABSTRACT:   Statistical properties of estimators relating to the mean abundance of fish eggs were investigated using the data from the presence-absence sampling (PAS) and counting sampling (CS). PAS, which focuses on the presence-absence of eggs in a sample, is more cost-effective yet is unlikely to give more precise estimates than CS, which counts the number of eggs. But when limitations are given on the sampling cost and number of sampling stations, PAS may have advantages. This study shows that the mean square error (MSE) of the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) based on PAS may become smaller than the MSE of the MLE based on counting data when the number of observations for PAS becomes larger. The observation number for PAS is determined, which minimizes the MSE of a combined estimator from the two MLE under a restriction of the total cost of observation. A dual problem is also solved. It is shown that MSE of the MLE in PAS is a monotone increasing function of the oversight probability. PAS becomes more informative as the distribution of the number of eggs is more aggregated.     

Inherent variation in growth efficiency of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) juveniles

Understanding the major causes of growth variation is crucial for the success of fish farming since its reduction contributes to maximize production efficiency, reduce food waste and improve water quality. The growth variation observed in aquaculture has been associated with the establishment of social hierarchies. However, some studies suggest that this variation may not be mainly a consequence of social hierarchies but mainly a result of inherent (genetic) differences. This study investigates the magnitude of individual responses, independently of group effects (fish housed individually), in growth efficiency and feeding behaviour of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822). Despite the low variation in initial body weight (6.5%) and cumulative feed consumption (7.5%) over the experimental period, catfish exhibited high variation in final body weight (18.1%), specific growth rate (17.2%) and feed conversion ratio (27.9%), suggesting that individual variation in growth efficiency is important in determining growth rate. This individual variation may be related with individual differences in protein/fat deposition since faster growing fish deposited more protein and less fat than slower growing fish. Pronounced individual differences in feeding behaviour (reaction towards feed and time spent eating) were also observed and correlated with individual differences in growth efficiency. Fast eaters were the fast growers. We suggest that the growth variation observed in African catfish may be inherent and that the use of grading to increase uniformity should be further investigated.     

不同粗饲料组合混合日粮对奶牛泌乳性能的影响

本试验通过给奶牛饲喂不同粗饲料组合的TMR日粮,探讨日粮中不同粗饲料组合对奶牛泌乳性能的影响.结果表明,日粮鲜重的精粗比从30∶70提高到40∶60后,奶牛的干物质采食量有显著地增加（P＜0.05）.随着精料比例增加,其能量水平、蛋白含量和乳蛋白率增加.同时,蛋白含量和产奶量都有所提高.在试验二组中用青贮代替了全贮,提高了奶牛的采食量和泌乳性能.说明,奶牛全混合日粮（TMR）可以提高日粮养分表观消化率、产奶量和改善乳蛋白质水平.青贮饲料的蛋白质的降解和利用更容易被瘤胃微生物降解和吸收,从而提高奶牛的泌乳性能,取得较高的经济效益.