Soil‐ and plant‐based nitrogen‐fertilizer recommendations in arable farming

Under‐ as well as overfertilization with nitrogen (N) will result in economic loss for the farmer due to reduced yields and quality of the products. Also from an ecological perspective, it is important that the grower makes the correct decision on how much and when to apply N for a certain crop to minimize impacts on the environment. To aggravate the situation, N is a substance that is present in many compartments in different forms (nitrate, ammonium, organic N, etc.) in the soil‐plant environment and takes part in various processes (e.g., mineralization, immobilization, leaching, denitrification, etc.). Today, many N‐recommendation systems are mainly based on yield expectation. However, yields are not stable from year to year for a given field. Also the processes that determine the N supply from other sources than fertilizer are not predictable at the start of the growing season. Different methodological approaches are reviewed that have been introduced to improve N‐fertilizer recommendations for arable crops. Many soil‐based methods have been developed to measure soil mineral N (SMN) that is available for plants at a given sampling date. Soil sampling at the start of the growing period and analyzing for the amount of NO ‐N (and NH ‐N) is a widespread approach in Europe and North America. Based on data from field calibrations, the SMN pool is filled up with fertilizer N to a recommended amount. Depending on pre‐crop, use of organic manure, or soil characteristics, the recommendation might be modified (±10–50 kg N ha^–1). Another set of soil methods has been established to estimate the amount of N that is mineralized from soil organic matter, plant residues, and/or organic manure. From the huge range of methods proposed so far, simple mild extraction procedures have gained most interest, but introduction into practical recommendation schemes has been rather limited. Plant‐analytical procedures cover the whole range from quantitative laboratory analysis to semiquantitative “quick” tests carried out in the field. The main idea is that the plant itself is the best indicator for the N supply from any source within the growth period. In‐field methods like the nitrate plant sap/petiole test and chlorophyll measurements with hand‐held devices or via remote sensing are regarded as most promising, because with these methods an adequate adjustment of the N‐fertilizer application strategy within the season is feasible. Prerequisite is a fertilization strategy that is based on several N applications and not on a one‐go approach.     

基于近红外光谱分析的土壤全氮含量估测研究

应用近红外光谱分析技术对比研究基于土壤风干样本和鲜样来预测全氮含量的可行性。选取水稻土为研究对象,首先分析了不同水分土壤的光谱特征,显示随水分含量增加,吸光度升高,且鲜样的吸光度高于干样。通过比较不同预处理方法,对土壤干鲜样分别采用逐步多元回归(SMLR)和偏最小二乘法(PLSR)建立了相应的近红外模型。结果表明,利用近红外光谱均可预测干鲜土壤样本的全氮含量,特别是利用偏最小二乘法建立的标定模型,预测精度高,反演性较好,鲜样和干样外部验证决定系数分别达到0.89和0.91,相对误差仅为6.92%和5.92%,研究结果可以为田间土壤全氮含量的估测提供技术依据和参考。     

施氮、钾和钼对菠菜不同生长阶段硝态氮积累影响研究初报

采用盆栽试验研究了肥料(氮、钾、钼)互作对菠菜不同生长阶段硝态氮积累的影响。结果表明,施肥对菠菜硝态氮积累的影响整体表现为:柄叶,老叶新叶;与生长前期相比,收获期各部位中硝态氮含量均有下降趋势。不施氮条件下,施钼极显著或显著地降低了菠菜生长前期和收获期叶片中硝态氮含量,降幅分别为19.3%和21.4%;施氮条件下,施钼仅显著降低了菠菜生长前期叶片中硝态氮含量,降幅达21.2%。在本试验条件下,单施钼比钼钾配施更有利于降低菠菜叶片中硝态氮的含量;钾与钼营养的相互效应,以及钾与钼之间如何平衡,似乎是影响施钼效果的关键。     

Effect of Application of Acidified Porous Hydrate Calcium Silicate and Porous Hydrated Calcium Silicate on the Growth of Rice Plants (Oryza sativa L.)

The effect of the application of acidified porous hydrate calcium silicate (APS) in nursery bed soil and porous hydrate calcium silicate (PS) in paddy fields on the growth of rice plants ( Oryza sativa L. cv. Hitomebore) was examined in 2002 and 2003. The results revealed the following: 1) Shoot dry weight of rice seedlings increased by APS treatment in nursery bed soil. The tiller number of rice plants after transplanting in both years also increased by APS treatment in nursery bed soil, and in 2003, the tiller number in the treatment with a combination of APS in nursery bed soil and PS in paddy fields was significantly higher than that in the other treatments until the maximum tiller number stage. Furthermore, the root length of rice plants 14 d after transplanting increased by APS treatment in nursery bed soil. 2) Silicon concentration in the soil solution significantly increased by PS treatment in paddy fields, and the concentration of dissolved carbon oxide increased by APS treatment in nursery bed soil. 3) Only in the APS treatment the rice yield was 341 g m⁻², while 400 and 450 g m⁻² in the PS and both APS and PS treatments, respectively, in 2003. Percentages of ripened grains in the plots without PS treatment ranged from 57 to 63%, respectively, while, those in the PS treated plots were 82%. The numbers of panicles and ripened grains in both APS and PS treatments were the highest among the treatments. Based on the above results, we concluded that both APS in nursery bed soil and PS in paddy field treatments were effective in improving the silicon nutrition and growth of rice plants, and that this effect was enhanced by a combination of treatments with the two.     

Methane production and consumption in a cultivated humisol

Summary Laboratory studies were conducted on a cultivated humisol containing populations of both methanotrophs and methanogens. The molar ratio CO₂ produced : O₂ consumed :CH₄ consumed was 0.27:1.0:1.0. Methane oxidation showed typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics with apparent K _m values for CH4 and O₂ of 66.2 M and 37.0 M, respectively. The low CO₂ yields and the effects of low dissolved oxygen indicated the presence of aerobic obligate methanotrophs. It is suggested that the methanotrophs in this soil are not entirely dependent on atmospheric CH₄ for growth and survival in situ.     

氮磷肥对黑土玉米农田生态系统土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响

通过田间氮磷肥配施试验研究了氮磷配施对黑土玉米农田生态系统玉米不同生育时期微生物量碳、氮的影响。微生物量随玉米不同生育期的动态变化表明,氮磷肥对微生物量碳和微生物量氮的动态影响并不同步,微生物量碳和微生物量氮变化最显著的时期均是授粉期,但此时微生物量碳是最低的谷值,而微生物量氮是最高的峰值。不同氮磷配比对微生物量碳影响的回归分析表明,氮肥是影响微生物量碳的主导因素,无论是适量施用还是过量施用都是氮肥对微生物量碳的影响较大。不同氮磷配比对微生物量氮影响的回归分析表明,过量氮肥的施用减少了土壤微生物量氮的含量。磷肥无论高量和低量均能增加微生物量氮的含量,但随着施用量的增加对微生物量氮的正效应减小。氮磷配合施用可增加土壤的微生物量氮,由此可见无论单施氮肥还是单施磷肥,过量施用对微生物量氮的增加都是不利的,只有氮磷配合施用才是增加土壤微生物量氮的有效途径。     

不同生育时期根际土壤渍水逆境对冬小麦N、P、K素营养的影响

运用盆栽模拟土壤渍水逆境试验，研究不同生育时期根际土壤渍水逆境对不同小麦品种N、P、K素吸收、运转和分配的影响。结果表明，根际土壤渍水逆境对不同小麦品种N、P、K素吸收的影响有异;不同生育时期根际土壤渍水逆境显著影响根系对N、P素的吸收、运转与分配，以孕穗期渍水逆境影响最大，其次为灌浆期和拔节期，而不同生育时期根际土壤渍水逆境对K素的吸收影响较小。孕穗期以前浈水逆境主要影响小麦根系对N，P，K案的吸收．对N、P、K素在小麦体内的运输和分配影响较小；灌浆期渍水逆境不仅影响根系对N、P、K素的吸收．同时也影响N、P素在地上部各器官中的运转和分配，但对K素在小麦体内的运转和分配影响较小。因此，基肥中施足P肥和K肥，拔节孕穗期重施速效N肥，灌浆期叶面喷施KH2PO4对于培育壮秆大穗，减轻小麦溃害，提高受渍小麦籽粒产量具有非常重要的实际意义。     

粮食作物锌的吸收运转分配和改善子粒锌含量的理论与技术途径

基于前人取得的主要成果，系统分析了从土壤锌有效性到锌在子粒部位的积累主要过程及其控制点，从三方面：1）植株对锌的吸收过程；2）锌在地上部各营养器官间的运转分配过程；3）锌从营养器官向子粒部位的运转过程，总结并提出今后应利用作物锌高效性的种质资源特点，通过传统育种与生物技术方法选育出锌高效积累型品种和合理配套的栽培技术等农艺措施，提高作物子粒锌的含量。     

种植密度氮肥互作对棉花产量及氮素利用效率的影响

种植密度和氮肥投入是棉花生产中重要的管理措施,为提高棉花产量与氮素利用效率,于2013-2014年以转Bt+Cp TI品种中棉所79为材料,在河南省安阳市中棉所试验农场设置了3个种植密度(分别为3.00,5.25,7.50株/m~2),4个氮肥用量(分别为0,112.5、225.0、337.5 kg/hm~2,以N计),探讨种植密度与氮肥对棉花产量及氮素利用效率的影响,结果表明:棉花的叶面积指数、生物量与氮吸收量随种植密度和氮肥用量的增加而增加,而收获指数随种植密度和氮肥用量的增加而下降,中密中氮处理(种植密度5.25株/m~2、施氮量225.0 kg/hm~2)单位面积成铃数较多,籽棉和皮棉产量、氮肥回收利用率优于其他处理,高密低氮处理(种植密度7.50株/m~2、施氮量112.5 kg/hm~2)氮肥农学利用效率、氮肥偏生产力、氮生理利用率高于其他处理,而籽棉、皮棉产量与中密中氮处理较接近,研究表明增密减氮可实现棉花的高产高效。