氮磷钾配方施肥提升天然橡胶生胶性能

以8a生长的PR107橡胶树为研究对象,采用正交实验设计,研究氮、磷、钾肥配施对天然橡胶生胶性能及分子量的影响。结果表明:不同种类和水平的施肥处理对干胶含量有显著的影响,不同肥料对干胶含量最优施肥组合为尿素300 g/株、过磷酸钙250 g/株、氯化钾75 g/株;对生胶塑性初值的最优施肥组合为尿素0 g/株、过磷酸钙375 g/株、氯化钾25 g/株;对门尼黏度的最优施肥组合为尿素0 g/株、过磷酸钙250 g/株、氯化钾25 g/株;对生胶塑性保持率的最优施肥组合尿素200g/株、过磷酸钙375g/株、氯化钾50g/株。施肥对橡胶的分子量均有显著影响,对橡胶数均分子量(Mn)的最优施肥组合为尿素0g/株、过磷酸钙125g/株、氯化钾25g/株,对橡胶重均分子量(Mw)、黏均分子量(Mv)的最优组合施肥量为尿素300 g/株、过磷酸钙250 g/株、氯化钾25 g/株。在生产橡胶或胶乳制品时,可根据不同制品的需求选择合适的种植环境及施肥措施的橡胶树胶乳作为原材料,使制品性能达到最优。     

黄淮区不同年代冬小麦主栽品种根系性状及氮素利用率的差异

为探明黄淮区冬小麦主栽品种的根系性状和氮素利用率的年代变化趋势,以12个不同年代主栽品种为材料,采用根袋盆栽方法,研究了根系形态、吸收能力与生产力及氮素利用率的年代差异。结果表明,随着年代的推进,小麦籽粒产量、生物量、氮肥偏生产力和氮素吸收效率显著提高,增长率分别为每年0.53%、0.38%、0.53%和0.59%,而氮素内部利用效率则呈下降趋势。小麦孕穗期和成熟期的根系总长、总表面积、总体积和平均直径均随着年代推移和品种改良呈显著下降趋势,其中成熟期的相应指标分别每年下降0.68%、1.48%、2.26%和0.78%;根系生物量和根冠比亦显著降低,而比根长则呈显著递增趋势。单位根表面积吸氮量随着年代推移而显著增加,平均每年增长2.09%。此外,近根区土壤硝态氮含量和硝化势随年代推移和品种更新有增加趋势。可见,近期小麦品种比早期品种在生产力和氮素利用效率上更具有优势,可能与根系生长冗余的降低、根系氮素吸收能力的增强、根冠关系的协调优化以及硝态氮营养的增强等有关。     

局部涂抹纳米碳与尿素溶液对桃树梢叶生长及氮素吸收、分配的影响

以7年生的鲁星油桃为试材,采用15 N同位素示踪技术进行田间涂抹试验,研究不同浓度纳米碳与相同浓度尿素溶液(0μg/mL+0.2%,50μg/mL+0.2%,100μg/mL+0.2%,200μg/mL+0.2%,分别以CK、NC50、NC100、NC200表示)涂抹部分叶片对桃树局部梢叶生长、氮素吸收及分配的影响,以期为桃树栽培过程中施用碳纳米提供新的思路和有益的参考。结果表明:与对照相比,施用纳米碳后桃树涂抹叶片单叶面积明显增加,叶绿素含量显著提高,NC200处理下叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度比对照提高了15.8%,30.0%,12.4%;纳米碳的施用提高了桃树新梢的干物质积累量,NC100、NC200处理比对照增加了10.5%和12.9%,提高了新梢各部位的全氮含量;高浓度的纳米碳(NC200处理)提高了新生器官对氮素的吸收征调能力(Ndff值);随纳米碳浓度的增大氮素的利用效率显著提高,NC50、NC100、NC200处理的氮素利用率比对照提高了13.6%,29.5%,40.0%;此外,新生嫩叶部分以NC200处理的氮素分配率最高,达19.55%,NC50、NC100、NC200处理氮素分配率比对照提高了4.5%,16.2%,17.1%,差异显著。以上结果表明,纳米碳能够促进新梢叶片对氮素的吸收利用,有效提高叶绿素含量、光合作用效率及新梢局部氮素利用率,影响氮素在梢叶各部位间的分配,促进氮素向生长中心(新生嫩叶)的转移。     

不同轻基质和施肥处理对白桦苗木养分承载的影响

通过不同轻基质及施肥处理对白桦苗木质量指数、苗木养分承载量,以及非结构性碳(NSC)质量进行研究与分析,目的是为培育优质白桦苗木提供理论依据。结果表明:①不同轻基质处理中随施肥量增加白桦苗木质量指数呈增加的趋势,但2.5、3.0kg·m^-3施肥处理间无显著差异;随施肥量增加,轻基质处理对白桦苗木质量指数的影响逐渐减弱。②红松腐殖质结合3.0kg·m^-3施肥处理,苗木N、P、K质量达到最大,分别为42.35、4.54、27.80mg·株^-1;红松腐殖质结合2.5kg·m^-3施肥处理,苗木可溶性糖、淀粉、NSC质量均达到最大,分别为89.32、85.11、174.43mg·株^-1;2.5kg·m^-3与3.0kg·m^-3施肥处理间无显著差异。③不同处理间苗木NSC、可溶性糖、淀粉质量与N、P、K质量具有极显著相关关系(P<0.01)。可溶性糖质量与N、P、K质量相关性系数较高,K质量与NSC、可溶性糖、淀粉质量相关性系数较高。综上所述,红松腐殖质轻基质材料培育白桦苗木更有利于苗木生长及养分承载量积累,且最适施肥量为2.5kg·m^-3。NSC中可溶性糖是促进养分吸收的主要能量来源,而苗木K质量积累更有利于NSC的合成。     

氮肥基追施比例对芝麻产量和氮素吸收、分配的影响

【目的】研究实现芝麻高产、提高氮肥利用效率、减少氮肥残留的氮肥最佳基追比例。【方法】采用盆栽试验,供试芝麻品种为‘郑太芝1号’,设置4个氮肥基追比例处理,氮肥底施与初花期追施比例分别为1∶0(N1∶0)、2∶1(N2∶1)、1∶2(N1∶2)、0∶1(N0∶1)。利用15N示踪技术,每盆施含有15N标记的总氮0.9g,分析各处理芝麻产量及氮素的吸收、分配特征。【结果】不同处理相比,N2∶1处理单株产量最高,N1∶2处理次之,N2∶1与N1∶0、N0∶1处理差异达显著水平。在初花期,N2∶1处理,芝麻单株生物量和植株总吸氮量均最高,不施基肥的N0∶1处理最低;各处理植株对肥料氮的吸收表现为N1∶0>N2∶1>N1∶2,对土壤氮的吸收以N2∶1最高;肥料氮和土壤氮在各器官中的分配均为叶>茎>根。在成熟期,N2∶1处理的单株总生物量最大,单株籽粒吸氮量和总吸氮量也最高,N1∶0处理最低,两者差异达显著水平;植株对肥料氮和土壤氮的吸收比例为23.7%~29.1%和70.9%~76.3%;对肥料氮和土壤氮的吸收均为籽粒>叶片>茎>蒴皮>根,籽粒吸氮量明显高于其它器官,籽粒占总吸氮量的33.0%~44.3%。N2∶1处理氮肥利用率最高,为32.5%,N2∶1、N1∶2、N0∶1处理间差异不显著,但均与N1∶0(17.8%)差异达显著水平。不同处理芝麻收获后土壤15N回收率以N2∶1处理的最低(16.2%),N0∶1处理的最高(31.3%)。【结论】在本试验条件下,氮肥底施与初花期追施比例为2∶1时,芝麻产量和生物量以及氮肥利用率最高,氮肥土壤残留量最少,是最佳氮肥基追施比例。     

基于不同林分类型下土壤碳氮储量垂直分布

以辽东大伙房水库周边防护林典型林分针阔混交林(落叶松-油松-刺槐混交林)、油松林、落叶松林、刺槐林为研究对象,对其土壤养分含量进行测定,研究了不同林分土壤剖面上有机碳、全氮、有机碳储量的分布规律。结果表明:随着土层深度的增大,4种林分的土壤有机碳、全氮含量均逐渐降低;4种林分土壤剖面有机碳含量大小顺序为落叶松林(24.16g/kg)刺槐林(23.07g/kg)针阔混交林(16.06g/kg)油松林(15.76g/kg);全氮含量大小顺序为刺槐林(5.23g/kg)落叶松林(4.57g/kg)油松林(3.45g/kg)针阔混交林(2.42g/kg);C/N平均值大小顺序为落叶松林(7.36)针阔混交林(6.51)油松林(4.67)刺槐林(4.57);4个林分0-40cm土层的有机碳储量大小为落叶松林(112.94t/hm~2)刺槐林(107.40t/hm~2)针阔混交林(105.42t/hm~2)油松林(89.89t/hm~2);4种林分土壤pH无明显差别,各土层土壤pH随土层深度增加而增大;4种林分土壤容重由高到低顺序依次为针阔混交林(1.73g/cm~3)油松(1.65g/cm~3)落叶松(1.64g/cm~3)刺槐(1.56g/cm~3)。4个林分土壤有机碳含量与土壤全氮含量互相间均存在极显著正相关关系,土壤有机碳、全氮含量与C/N之间则没有明显相关关系;在针阔混交林中,土壤容重、土壤全氮含量和土壤pH与土壤有机碳之间存在线性数量关系,而其他纯林则没有这种关系。     

Effect of crop‐residue management on the production and agronomic nitrogen efficiency in a rice–wheat cropping system

The rice–wheat cropping system (RWCS), producing about 5–10 Mg ha^–1 y^–1 of grain, is the backbone of food‐crop production in South‐East Asia. However, this system shows signs of fatigue as indicated by declining yields, negative nitrogen (N) balances, and reduced responses to applied fertilizer at some research centers. The return of rice and wheat residues can recycle up to 20%–30% of the N absorbed by the crops. However, their wide C : N ratio can temporarily immobilize native and applied N. To overcome this immobilization, wheat‐straw application was supplemented with the incorporation of Sesbania green manure and mungbean residues, and their effects on productivity, agronomic N efficiency, and system's apparent N balances were studied. Combining the application of wheat straw with Sesbania green manure or mungbean residues increased cereal grain yield and agronomic N efficiency and improved the generally negative apparent N balances. The combined use of wheat straw and mungbean produced an additional 0.5–0.6 t ha^–1 protein‐rich grain and thus appears to be the most promising residue‐management option for rice–wheat cropping systems in South Asia, provided that the transition cropping season between wheat harvest and rice transplanting is long enough.     

黄土高原南瓜高糖低硝酸盐施肥模式研究

采用N、P、K3因素最优设计,在陕北黄土高原进行了南瓜氮、磷、钾用量及其肥效反应模式田间试验,研究不同施肥量对南瓜硝态氮、可溶性糖两项营养品质的影响,旨在探讨南瓜品质高糖低硝酸盐的N、P、K肥效反应模式,提出优化的施肥方案。结果表明,N肥单因素对南瓜硝态氮和可溶性糖含量影响最大,K肥单因素对南瓜硝态氮和可溶性糖含量影响不显著,N与P交互作用对南瓜高糖低硝酸盐影响显著,K肥施用量一定时,氮肥与磷肥的施用量不易过大。根据南瓜N、P、K肥效反应模式,筛选出南瓜品质硝态氮含量在200mg·kg-1以下、可溶性糖含量在7%以上的较佳施肥量为施氮95～120 kg·hm-2,施磷40～70 kg·hm-2,施钾35～80 kg·hm-2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.42∶0.37。     

Tree girdling increases soil N mineralisation in two spruce stands

Tree girdling is a common practice in forestry whenever trees are to be killed without felling. The effect of tree girdling on soil nitrogen (N) mineralisation was estimated in both an old and a young spruce forest. The dynamics of mineral N (NO₃⁻–N and NH₄⁺–N) and soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and N (MBN) were determined for different seasons. The in situ net N mineralisation was measured by incubating soil samples in stainless steel cylinders and the gross N mineralisation rates were measured by ¹⁵N pool dilution method. Mineral N concentrations increased significantly in the girdled plots in both old and young spruce forests and showed variations between soil horizons and between sampling times. Tree girdling significantly increased net N mineralisation in both spruce forests. Annual net N mineralisation was 64 and 39 kg N ha⁻¹ in O horizon of the girdled plots in old and young forest plots, respectively, compared to 25 and 21 kg N ha⁻¹ in the control plots. Annual N mineralisation in A horizon was similar between girdled and control plots (31 kg N ha⁻¹) in the old forest whereas in the young forest A horizon N mineralisation was about 2.5 times higher in the girdled plots. As a result, the annual carbon budget was significantly more positive in the girdled plots than in the control plots in both old and young forests. However, we found significantly higher gross N mineralisation rates in both horizons in the control plots than the girdled plots in the old forest, but no differences between the treatments in the young forest. The MBC and MBN contents only showed significant changes during the first three months of the experiment and were similar later on. They first decreased as girdling removed the root carbohydrate, amino and organic acid exudation from the C sources for microorganisms then increased two months after the treatment root dieback acted as a new source of C. Mineralising microorganisms enhanced the mineral N concentrations in girdled plots as a result of greater activity rather than larger population size.     

Interactive effects from combining fertilizer and organic residue inputs on nitrogen transformations

Concerns about sustainability of agroecosystems management options in developed and developing countries warrant improved understanding of N cycling. The Integrated Soil Fertility Management paradigm recognizes the possible interactive benefits of combining organic residues with mineral fertilizer inputs on agroecosystem functioning. However, these beneficial effects may be controlled by residue quality. This study examines the controls of inputs on N cycling across a gradient of (1) input, (2) residue quality, and (3) texture. We hypothesized that combining organic residue and mineral fertilizers would enhance potential N availability relative to either input alone. Residue and fertilizer inputs labeled with ¹⁵N (40–60 atom% ¹⁵N) were incubated with 200 g soil for 545 d in a microcosm experiment. Input treatments consisted of a no-input control, organic residues (3.65 g C kg⁻¹ soil, equivalent to 4 Mg C ha⁻¹), mineral N fertilizer (100 mg N kg⁻¹ soil, equivalent to 120 kg N ha⁻¹), and a combination of both with either the residue or fertilizer ¹⁵N-labeled. Zea mays stover inputs were added to four differently textured soils (sand, sandy loam, clay loam, and clay). Additionally, inputs of three residue quality classes (class I: Tithonia diversifolia, class II: Calliandra calothyrsus, class III: Z. mays stover) were applied to the clay soil. Available N and N₂O emissions were measured as indicators for potential plant N uptake and N losses. Combining residue and fertilizer inputs resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) negative interactive effect on total extractable mineral N in all soils. This interactive effect decreased the mineral N pool, due to an immobilization of fertilizer-derived N and was observed up to 181 d, but generally became non-significant after 545 d. The initial reduction in mineral N might lead to less N₂O losses. However, a texture effect on N₂O fluxes was observed, with a significant interactive effect of combining residue and fertilizer inputs decreasing N₂O losses in the coarse textured soils, but increasing N₂O losses in the fine textured soils. The interactive effect on mineral N of combining fertilizer with residue changed from negative to positive with increasing residue quality. Our results indicate that combining fertilizer with medium quality residue has the potential to change N transformations through a negative interactive effect on mineral N. We conclude that capitalizing on interactions between fertilizer and organic residues allows for the development of sustainable nutrient management practices.