罗氏沼虾育苗水质变动因子及处理技术的研究

针对目前罗氏沼虾育苗生产操作流程,作者研究了育苗池中三态氮、ＣＯＤ 及ｐＨ 等水质变化状况,其特点是这些化学指标无明显的昼夜变化,但ＮＨ３－Ｎ、ＮＯ２－ －Ｎ 含量较高,并呈现波动式上升的趋势,ＣＯＤ 含量较为稳定。从育苗安全性需要出发,还研究了育苗水的预处理模式以及投饵、换水、施药对育苗池水质的影响,结果表明,对河口天然水进行预处理是必要的,作为常规在操作管理上坚持每天彻底排污、适时适量换水、合理用药能有效控制育苗水的水质状况,即使采取高密度（ Ｚ１：２２万尾／ｍ ２）育苗也能获得较高的出苗率     

淡水养殖环境中氨氧化微生物的研究进展

随着水产养殖业的快速发展,养殖水体氮素污染日益突出,硝化微生物在水产养殖环境氮循环中具有重要作用。本文主要综述我国淡水养殖环境中硝化微生物的多样性、作用机理、厌氧氨氧化过程和机理等研究进展,并展望今后的研究工作:(1)淡水养殖水域硝化作用和氨氧化微生物的时空分布特征及影响因子;(2)淡水养殖环境氨氧化微生物及其他氮素转化关键微生物的过程与机理;(3)深入研究特定生态系统中如池塘生态系统、氮循环的各个过程,构建相关氮素转化和氮素平衡模型,为完善淡水池塘生态系统氮循环理论、水产养殖环境的氮素污染治理和生态修复提供参考。     

苹果园春季土施尿素的利用及其在土壤中的累积

 以7年生嘎拉苹果/平邑甜茶为试材, 利用¹⁵N示踪技术, 研究了苹果生产体系中氮素年周期 的利用、残留、损失及在土壤中的迁移动态。结果表明, 对春季土施尿素的利用率盛花期较低, 为11.38% , 至采收后达到最高。土壤氮素残留率盛花期最高, 为57.10% , 果实采后残留率最低。年周期中各土层氮素残留量不同, 盛花期20～40 cm土层残留量最高, 采收后最低, 0～20 cm土层在新梢旺长期残留量最高, 果实成熟期最低, 而40～60 cm土层在果实膨大期残留量达到最高, 在采收后0～20 cm土层残留有所增加, 其余各土层残留量均达到最低值。氮素损失与土壤残留呈相反的变化趋势, 氮素损失率在盛花期最低为31.53% , 随物候期的推迟逐渐升高, 在果实采后高达58.40%     

Evaluating foliar nitrogen compounds as indicators of nitrogen status in Prunus persica trees

Mobile nitrogen (N) forms may be better N indicators of the N status of trees than total nitrogen (TN) due to their higher sensitivity to increasing N supply. A field experiment was carried out over a 3-year period to compare foliar concentrations of total N (TN), soluble N (SN), chlorophyll (Minolta SPAD readings), NH₄–N and NO₃–N as indicators of soil N availability in nectarine, Prunus persica L. Batsch, cv. ‘Fantasia’ (grafted on ‘Nemaguard’ peach, P. persica × P. davidiana) trees. Young trees were exposed to a range of fertilizer-N application rates. Based on correlation analysis, the best association between leaf N compounds with soil N supply and trunk diameter and/or fruit yield was obtained with TN and chlorophyll SPAD readings. Leaf concentrations of mobile N compounds (NH₄–N and NO₃–N) increased more than any other N compound under high N supply; however, their inconsistency among years and low leaf concentration difficult their use as N indicators. The optimum foliar TN for growth decreased with tree age, 4.4%, 3.6% and 3.3% in non-bearing 1-year-old trees, non-bearing 2-year-old trees and 3.3 fruit-bearing 3-year-old trees. The optimum SPAD readings were 40 in 2-year-old trees and 42 in 3-year-old trees. Stable N compounds (TN and chlorophyll SPAD) could be used to N diagnosis in the zone of N deficiency, and soluble N compounds (NH₄–N and NO₃–N) to diagnoses N excess.     

不同基质栽培对番茄叶片光合作用和根系ATP酶的影响

以腐熟玉米秸、麦秸、菇渣、锯末等农产废弃物添加土壤后配成有机基质进行番茄栽培试验,探讨不同基质栽培对番茄叶片光合特性和根系ATP酶活性的影响。结果表明,有机基质栽培较土壤栽培植株同化产物积累增加,番茄光合速率、细胞间隙CO₂浓度、呼吸速率均显著提高。有机基质栽培Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qP显著升高,P-H⁺+ATPase、P-Ca²⁺-ATPase、V-H⁺-ATPase、V-Ca²⁺-ATPase活性提高。有机基质栽培番茄通过提高根系质膜和液泡膜ATPase活性、增加番茄的光合速率、细胞间隙CO₂浓度,提高Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qP,提高光化学效率,增强营养吸收,从而促进番茄生长和同化物形成。     

荔枝树体N素分布及累积特点

采用整株枝解法,在采果后把9a生成年妃子笑和黑叶、3a生幼年妃子笑荔枝的根、木质部、皮部、叶、复叶柄5个器官分成14～16个部位,测定各个部位各个器官的N含量。结果表明,1)N在不同器官和不同部位含量是不同的。N含量在叶片最高,在根颈、主茎木质部、主根含量较低;在同级枝根中,皮部N含量显著高于木质部;荔枝枝干和根系,随着其粗度增加,其N含量基本上呈下降趋势,但成年树下降幅度比幼年树的大。2)成龄妃子笑与黑叶各部位各器官N含量没有显著差异,但成年树叶、复叶柄、末级侧枝皮部、木质部N含量高于幼年树相应部位相应器官N含量。3)荔枝N素累积在叶片最多,其次为枝干,根系N累积量较少,末级侧枝N素累积量占整株树N素累积量50%以上。     

Nitrate leaching in a silage maize field under different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer rates

Quantification of the interactive effects of nitrogen (N) and water on nitrate (NO₃) loss provides an important insight for more effective N and water management. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer levels on nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) leaching in a silage maize field. The experiment included four irrigation levels (0.7, 0.85, 1.0, and 1.13 of soil moisture depletion, SMD) and three N fertilization levels (0, 142, and 189 kg N ha⁻¹), with three replications. Ceramic suction cups were used to extract soil solution at 30 and 60 cm soil depths for all 36 experimental plots. Soil NO₃-N content of 0-30 and 30-60-cm layers were evaluated at planting and harvest maturity. Total N uptake (NU) by the crop was also determined. Maximum NO₃-N leaching out of the 60-cm soil layer was 8.43 kg N ha⁻¹, for the 142 kg N ha⁻¹ and over irrigation (1.13 SMD) treatment. The minimum and maximum seasonal average NO₃ concentration at the 60 cm depth was 46 and 138 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Based on our findings, it is possible to control NO₃ leaching out of the root zone during the growing season with a proper combination of irrigation and fertilizer management.     

C/N ratio control and substrate addition for periphyton development jointly enhance freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii production in ponds

The present research investigated the effect of carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) control in ponds with or without substrate addition for periphyton development on production of giant freshwater prawn. C/N ratios of 10, 15 and 20 were investigated in 40 m^− 2 ponds stocked with 2 prawn juveniles (5.023 ± 0.02 g) m^− 2 with or without added substrates for periphyton development. The various treatment combinations of C/N ratio and periphyton substrate addition are abbreviated as ‘CN10’, ‘CN15’, ‘CN20’, ‘CN10 + P’, ‘CN15 + P’ and ‘CN20 + P’, P representing periphyton substrate. A locally formulated and prepared feed containing 30% crude protein with C/N ratio10 was applied. Tapioca starch was used as carbohydrate source for manipulating C/N ratio and applied to the water column separately from the feed. Increasing the C/N ratio from 10 to 20 reduced (P < 0.001) the total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN), nitrite–nitrogen (NO₂–N) and nitrate–nitrogen (NO₃–N) in water column and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) in sediment. The addition of substrates only influenced the NO₂–N concentration in the water column (P < 0.001). Increasing the C/N ratio raised the total heterotrophic bacterial (THB) population in the water column, sediment and periphyton (P < 0.001). It also increased the dry matter (DM), ash free dry matter (AFDM), and chlorophyll a content of periphyton (P < 0.001). The lowest specific growth rate (SGR), the highest food conversion ratio (FCR), and the lowest protein efficiency ratio (PER) were recorded in treatment CN10 (P < 0.05). The addition of substrates did not influence size at harvest (P > 0.05) but improved the survival from 62.8 to 72% (P < 0.001). Increasing the C/N ratio from 10 to 20 increased the net yield by 40% and addition of substrate increased the net yield by 23%. The combination of C/N ratio control and substrate addition increased the net yield by 75% from 309 (CN10) to 540 (CN20 + P) kg ha^− 1 (120 days)^− 1. This 75% higher production concurred with (1) a lower inorganic nitrogen content in the water column, (2) a higher THB abundance supplying additional single cell protein to augment the prawn production, and (3) an improved periphyton productivity and quality.     

山西高产氮高效玉米品种的筛选及其干物质氮素累积与分配

通过分析16个玉米品种在施氮(225 kg/hm2)和不施氮条件下的产量及其节氮潜力等筛选高产氮高效品种.结果表明,两年中晋玉18、登海605、先玉335增产潜力在5％以上,节氮潜力为15.48％～18.39％(2018年)和14.26％～29.47％(2019年).根据供试品种在施氮和不施氮条件下的产量平均值作为分界...