浅谈推算和预测宏观尺度土壤N_2O释放量的方法

土壤是N2 O的最主要释放源 .本文综述了根据局部地区土壤N2 O释放观察结果 ,推算和预测宏观尺度土壤甚至全球土壤N2 O释放通量变化和年释放量的方法 ,评述了各类方法的优缺点 ;并着重讨论了释放过程机理模型的应用 .     

C and N turnover in structurally intact soils of different texture

The turnover of native and applied C and N in undisturbed soil samples of different texture but similar mineralogical composition, origin and cropping history was evaluated at −10 kPa water potential. Cores of structurally intact soil with 108, 224 and 337 g clay kg⁻¹ were horizontially sliced and ¹⁵N-labelled sheep faeces was placed between the two halves of the intact core. The cores together with unamended treatments were incubated in the dark at 20 °C and the evolution of CO₂-C determined continuously for 177 d. Inorganic and microbial biomass N and ¹⁵N were determined periodically. Net nitrification was less in soil amended with faeces compared with unamended soil. When adjusted for the NO₃-N present in soil before faeces was applied, net nitrification became negative indicating that NO₃-N had been immobilized or denitrified. The soil most rich in clay nitrified least N and ¹⁵N. The amounts of N retained in the microbial biomass in unamended soils increased with clay content. A maximum of 13% of the faeces ¹⁵N was recovered in the microbial biomass in the amended soils. CO₂-C evolution increased with clay content in amended and unamended soils. CO₂-C evolution from the most sandy soil was reduced due to a low content of potentially mineralizable native soil C whereas the rate constant of C mineralization rate peaked in this soil. When the pool of potentially mineralizable native soil C was assumed proportional to volumetric water content, the three soils contained similar proportions of potentially mineralizable native soil C but the rate constant of C mineralization remained highest in the soil with least clay. Thus although a similar availability of water in the three soils was ensured by their identical matric potential, the actual volume of water seemed to determine the proportion of total C that was potentially mineralizable. The proportion of mineralizable C in the faeces was similar in the three soils (70% of total C), again with a higher rate constant of C mineralization in the soil with least clay. It is hypothesized that the pool of potentially mineralizable C and C rate constants fluctuate with the soil water content.     

基于胶粘物质的肥料控释装置的方案设计及其养分释放模拟

该文提出了可应用于农田的肥料控释装置方案设计,此装置由肥料主管道和养分释放分管道组成,选取天然、半天然高分子材料壳聚糖和果胶作为释放分管道的胶粘物质,在实验室条件下检测了其控释效果,结果表明:养分主要呈线性释放,装置具有良好控释效果.利用Fick第一扩散定律和欧姆定律模拟了装置养分的释放,结果表明:养分的释放主要受扩散系数或物阻率、扩散面积、胶粘物质厚度等因素影响.该模型表明,养分是呈线性释放的,和实测结果相一致,并由此计算出了胶粘物质的控释参数:扩散系数或物阻率,为实际应用提供了理论基础.     

精准变量施肥机的研制与试验

该文针对传统均匀施肥，没有考虑土壤肥力不一致的特点，介绍了一种可与国产拖拉机配套实现变量施肥的施肥机，该施肥机在GPS导航系统的帮助下可以按照预先设计的处方图实现变量施肥。机械采用国产的普通外槽轮作为变量施肥机的肥料计量装置，通过调整外槽轮的转动速度达到调整肥料量的目的。对变量施肥机械在田间的作业原理和机械的基本结构进行了详尽的介绍。针对变量施肥机施用肥料的种类不同，试验了在不同槽轮转速情况下，使用不同肥料排肥数量的变化情况。试验证明在施用尿素时要增加槽轮的排肥槽长度，在施用磷酸二铵等不规则的肥料时，应力求减少排肥槽轮的长度，通过增加槽轮转速达到提高排肥计量系统的精度。     

水培番茄、黄瓜营养液管理专家系统的构建

针对无土栽培的技术核心——营养液管理，构建了水培番茄、黄瓜的营养液管理专家系统，以促进无土栽培技术在中国大面积的推广和应用。该文详细介绍了该专家系统的设计目标、结构和功能设计的过程以及知识库的构成；构建了番茄、黄瓜在不同生育期对氮、磷、钾、钙等大量元素的吸收模型，组成动态模型库；优化了番茄、黄瓜在逆境(高温、低温、寡照等)生长条件下对营养液的管理。在大量搜集水培知识和营养液管理数据的基础上，基本实现了对水培番茄、黄瓜不同生育期的营养液浓度(EC)，酸碱度(pH)，氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)等营养元素浓度，以及营养液温度、溶解氧浓度的管理和决策。     

不同秸秆还田模式与氮肥施用量对土壤N2O排放的影响

以山东省桓台县为试验地点,分析在高产条件下,不同秸秆还田模式和氮肥施用量对农田N2O排放的影响.试验结果表明,氮肥施用量与秸秆还田模式都是影响土壤N2O排放的重要因素;小麦秸秆还田可以大大降低土壤N2O的排放,施用有机粪肥是影响N2O排放的另一重要因素.     

Availability of Cadmium in some Phosphorus Fertilizers to Field-Grown Lettuce

Although evaluations of the availability of cadmium (Cd) contaminants in phosphate fertilizers have been made, few have examined the transfer efficiency of Cd from fertilizers to plants, especially under field conditions. This 2-year field study determined the transfer of added Cd to lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) (Royal Green) from a western phosphate rock (PR) and a triple superphosphate (TSP) as affected by liming and rate of fertilizer (or Cd) input. A readily soluble Cd salt, CdCl₂, was included in the study for comparison. The cumulative amounts of Cd added from the fertilizers and CdCl₂ over the 2-year period ranged from 0 to 1440 g ha^–1. Lettuce yield increased with increasing TSP rates, but was unaffected by PR. Significant (P < 0.01) effects of Cd source and rate, lime, and year were found on Cd accumulation by lettuce. The transfer of the added Cd was consistently higher for CdCl₂ than for the fertilizers regardless of lime rate. A contrasting year effect was also found between the two P fertilizers. In the second year of application, the Cd transfer efficiency increased in the soil treated with the PR, but decreased in the soil treated with the TSP. The Cd transfer efficiency for the plant was better measured with DTPA–Cd (r ²= 0.78 – 0.80) or CaCl₂–Cd (r ²= 0.57 – 0.76) than with soil total Cd (r ²= 0.39 to 0.54) across all Cd sources and lime rates. This is because DTPA–Cd or CaCl₂–Cd reflected the influences of the amount of Cd added, Cd source, and lime rate on Cd accumulation by the plant better than did the soil total Cd. Of the amount of Cd added from the fertilizers an average of 1.0% or less was accumulated in the harvested lettuce tissue. Applications of the fertilizers at high rates could result in increased Cd accumulation in the soil over time.     

Fractal features of soil particle size distribution and the implication for indicating desertification

Some of the effects of land desertification on soil properties are manifested by the coarsening of the soil particlesize distribution (PSD) and the losses in organic C and nutrients. The changes and characteristics of PSD and selected chemical properties in soils at the 0-15 cm plough layer from different degrees of desertified croplands are analyzed in the semiarid Horqin Sandy Land, northern China. The fractal dimension of the PSD is emanated to characterize the patterns of PSD. The relationships between the fractal dimension of the PSD and selected soil properties are discussed. The results show that: (1) in the transformation from potential desertified cropland to extremely desertified cropland, the sand content at the 0-15 cm soil increased from 69% to 93%, organic C and total N contents decreased by 65% and 69%, respectively; (2) the fractal dimension of PSD ranged from 2.179 to 2.611, the more the contents of sand, the lower the fractal dimension and the higher the desertified degree of farmland. In the desertification process within the studied area, the mean fractal dimension decreased from 2.555 for the potential desertified soils to 2.298 for extremely desertified soils; (3) there existed considerable linear relationships between fractal dimension and soil properties. It was shown that fractal dimensions of PSD are useful parameters able to monitor soil degradation and to estimate the degree of soil desertification.     

土地整理项目管理与决策支持系统的构建

土地整理项目管理信息化是提高项目管理效率和科学化水平的重要途径。该文从土地整理和土地整理项目的基本概念入手，对项目管理进行了信息化需求分析，阐述了“土地整理项目管理与决策支持系统”研制的背景与现实意义，介绍了土地整理项目管理与决策支持系统的结构与功能，以及系统构建采用的关键技术。     

中国水土保持公务管理信息系统设计

中国水土保持公务管理系统是中国水土保持管理信息系统先行开发的子系统 ,开发目的是为水土保持管理工作中目前亟待解决的公务管理现代化任务 ,提供在网络化、GIS应用迅速普及的背景下的支持。系统设计以“信息共享、办公自动化、灵活定制”三大目标为核心 ,采用先进的计算机网络技术、数据库技术和办公自动化技术 ,以期实现较好的网络应用功能 ,并具有良好的系统安全、稳定性与灵活性