施氮深度对‘黄金梨’树氮素吸收、分配及利用效率的影响

以7年生‘黄金梨’树为试材,采用~(15)N示踪技术研究了3个施氮深度[0(表面施氮)、20和40 cm]处理下不同器官对氮素的吸收、分配及利用效率,并探讨了氮素在土壤中的残留及损失。结果表明,梨果实成熟期,果实的Ndff值最高,其他器官的Ndff值均表现为20 cm施氮深度处理显著高于其他处理。各施氮深度处理,~(15)N的分配率均为贮藏器官最高,生殖器官最低。20 cm施氮深度处理的梨树N利用率最高(26.23%),40 cm施氮深度处理最低(15.65%)。N损失率以表面施氮处理最高(54.21%),20 cm施氮深度最低;0~80 cm土层的N残留率以40 cm施氮深度处理最高(31.73%),表面施氮处理最低。因此,本研究中,20 cm深度施氮处理能提高梨树各器官对N肥的吸收征调能力,氮素损失少。     

C and N turnover in structurally intact soils of different texture

The turnover of native and applied C and N in undisturbed soil samples of different texture but similar mineralogical composition, origin and cropping history was evaluated at −10 kPa water potential. Cores of structurally intact soil with 108, 224 and 337 g clay kg⁻¹ were horizontially sliced and ¹⁵N-labelled sheep faeces was placed between the two halves of the intact core. The cores together with unamended treatments were incubated in the dark at 20 °C and the evolution of CO₂-C determined continuously for 177 d. Inorganic and microbial biomass N and ¹⁵N were determined periodically. Net nitrification was less in soil amended with faeces compared with unamended soil. When adjusted for the NO₃-N present in soil before faeces was applied, net nitrification became negative indicating that NO₃-N had been immobilized or denitrified. The soil most rich in clay nitrified least N and ¹⁵N. The amounts of N retained in the microbial biomass in unamended soils increased with clay content. A maximum of 13% of the faeces ¹⁵N was recovered in the microbial biomass in the amended soils. CO₂-C evolution increased with clay content in amended and unamended soils. CO₂-C evolution from the most sandy soil was reduced due to a low content of potentially mineralizable native soil C whereas the rate constant of C mineralization rate peaked in this soil. When the pool of potentially mineralizable native soil C was assumed proportional to volumetric water content, the three soils contained similar proportions of potentially mineralizable native soil C but the rate constant of C mineralization remained highest in the soil with least clay. Thus although a similar availability of water in the three soils was ensured by their identical matric potential, the actual volume of water seemed to determine the proportion of total C that was potentially mineralizable. The proportion of mineralizable C in the faeces was similar in the three soils (70% of total C), again with a higher rate constant of C mineralization in the soil with least clay. It is hypothesized that the pool of potentially mineralizable C and C rate constants fluctuate with the soil water content.     

鸭流感病毒4/2004-H6N2亚型毒株的血凝素基因全序列克隆与分析

2004初从正常鸭群中分离到一株鸭源禽流感病毒，命名为A／Duck／HN／4／2004(H6N2)。经对血凝素基因(HA)序列分析发现HA基因全长为1744bp，共编码566个氨基酸，在裂解位点仅含一个碱性氨基酸-精氨酸(R)，符合LPAIV的标准。将所得基因序列与已发表的同一亚型参考序列分析表明，与H6亚型流感HA基因同源性为89．2％-97．1％，经分子遗传演化分析表明本次分离株与香港分离株A／Duck／Hong Kong／3600／99(H6N2)、A／Duck／Hong Kong／3600／99(H6N2)最近。     

亚硝酸盐添加对土壤硝化和反硝化基因转录活性及N2O排放的影响

设施菜田土壤氧化亚氮（N2O）脉冲式排放期间通常伴随着亚硝酸盐（NO2-）的大量积累,为揭示NO2-对设施菜田土壤N2O排放的影响机制,以两种典型蔬菜种植区土壤（碱性土壤/酸性土壤）为研究对象,通过室内培养试验,对比厌氧和好氧培养条件下添加NO2-后两种土壤无机氮转化与N2O、氮气（N2）和二氧化碳（CO2）等气体排放,以及氨氧化单加氧酶α亚基调控基因（amoA）、亚硝酸盐还原酶调控基因（nirK和 nirS,统称nir）和N2O还原酶调控基因（nosZ）的丰度和转录情况。结果显示：受pH等环境因素影响,土壤中NO2-含量并不一定与N2O排放之间存在相关性,但添加NO2-的处理显著增加了两种土壤的N2O排放量和N2O/(N2O+N2)指数（IN2O）（P<0.05）。碱性土壤中,60 mg?kg-1外源NO2-对土壤CO2排放无明显抑制作用,厌氧培养条件下nirK基因、好氧培养条件下amoA和nirS基因均出现了添加NO2-后转录拷贝数显著高于空白处理的现象,而nosZ基因无此现象。酸性土壤中,amoA转录活性整体较低,好氧空白处理时nirS基因转录拷贝数随培养时间的延长而增加（P<0.05）;60 mg?kg-1外源NO2-明显降低了酸性土壤的CO2排放量、相关基因的丰度及转录拷贝数。上述结果显示,土壤中积累的NO2-会通过诱导nir基因转录与N2O还原酶竞争电子和抑制N2O还原酶活性等途径,增加土壤的IN2O,影响有氧条件下N2O的排放途径,研究结果将为探索设施菜田土壤氮素高效利用和N2O减排提供科学依据。     

Effect of crop‐residue management on the production and agronomic nitrogen efficiency in a rice–wheat cropping system

The rice–wheat cropping system (RWCS), producing about 5–10 Mg ha^–1 y^–1 of grain, is the backbone of food‐crop production in South‐East Asia. However, this system shows signs of fatigue as indicated by declining yields, negative nitrogen (N) balances, and reduced responses to applied fertilizer at some research centers. The return of rice and wheat residues can recycle up to 20%–30% of the N absorbed by the crops. However, their wide C : N ratio can temporarily immobilize native and applied N. To overcome this immobilization, wheat‐straw application was supplemented with the incorporation of Sesbania green manure and mungbean residues, and their effects on productivity, agronomic N efficiency, and system's apparent N balances were studied. Combining the application of wheat straw with Sesbania green manure or mungbean residues increased cereal grain yield and agronomic N efficiency and improved the generally negative apparent N balances. The combined use of wheat straw and mungbean produced an additional 0.5–0.6 t ha^–1 protein‐rich grain and thus appears to be the most promising residue‐management option for rice–wheat cropping systems in South Asia, provided that the transition cropping season between wheat harvest and rice transplanting is long enough.     

西藏纳木错高寒草原、高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸主要温室气体通量对比研究

青藏高原高寒草地占我国天然草地的40%,研究其温室气体源汇强度及驱动因子具有重要意义。采用静态箱-气相色谱法,在西藏纳木错地区开展高寒草原、高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸的生态系统呼吸、CH₄和N₂O通量观测,生长季内的观测表明：高寒草原和高寒草甸生态系统呼吸分别为（283.7±14.4） mg·m^-2·h^-1和（275.7±20.6） mg·m^-2·h^-1,低于有机质丰富的沼泽化草甸,为（591.6±53.2） mg·m^-2·h^-1。高寒草原和高寒草甸均是CH₄的汇,其生长季均值分别为（-84.9±7.6） μg·m^-2·h^-1和（-39.2±4.6） μg·m^-2·h^-1;而沼泽化草甸是CH₄的源其均值为（149.2±34.2） μg·m^-2·h^-1。高寒草原、高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸均为N₂O的源,生长季排放量分别为（7.3±2.8）,（3.0±1.1）和（2.2±4.3） μg·m^-2·h^-1。土壤水分总体控制着高寒草地CH₄通量的时空变化,在土壤水分含量约大于30%的沼泽化草甸表现为CH₄的排放源,而在土壤水分含量低于30%的高寒草原和草甸表现为CH₄的汇;生长季水分含量越高,对CH₄的吸收越弱。     

水氮限量供给下两个高产小麦品种氮素吸收与利用特征

为给华北地区冬小麦节水高产高效栽培提供理论依据,选用当地两个主栽冬小麦品种济麦22和石麦15为材料,在大田春灌一水(W1)和春灌二水(W2)2个灌水条件下均设置192kg.hm-2(N1)和270kg.hm-2(N2)2个施氮水平,研究了在水氮限量供给下冬小麦氮素吸收利用特征。结果表明:(1)在W1水平下,济麦22籽粒产量N1与N2处理无显著差异,石麦15籽粒产量N1处理显著高于N2处理;在W2水平下,两个小麦品种均以N1处理籽粒产量最高;在相同施氮水平下,两个小麦品种籽粒产量均以W2处理最高;在不同水氮处理下,济麦22籽粒产量高于石麦15。(2)在相同灌溉水平下,两品种氮素利用效率和氮肥生产效率均以N1处理较高;在相同施氮水平下,两个品种氮素利用效率和氮肥生产效率均以W2处理较高;在不同水氮处理下,济麦22氮素利用效率和氮肥生产效率高于石麦15。(3)在相同灌溉水平下,两小麦品种花后氮素积累量和分配比例均以N1处理最高;在相同施氮水平下,两小麦品种花后氮素积累量和分配比例均以W2处理最高。在不同水氮处理下,石麦15花后氮素积累量和分配比例高于济麦22。(4)方差分析表明,灌溉、品种、氮肥以及氮肥与品种、灌溉与氮肥的互作对籽粒产量影响均达显著水平,其中灌溉效应起主导作用。综合分析认为,两个小麦品种在限量供水(W2水平)、适量供氮(N1)处理下可以协调促进花后氮素积累、分配和有效转运,获得高产、高氮素利用效率和高氮肥生产效率。     

两种氮水平下CO2浓度升高对冬小麦生长和氮磷浓度的影响

预计到 2 1世纪末期大气CO2 浓度将会比目前水平增加 1倍 ,约 70 0 μmolmol- 1 左右。因此CO2 浓度升高对作物的影响研究十分重要。本文探讨在两种氮 (N)水平下 ,CO2 浓度升高对冬小麦 (TriticumaestivumL cv Xinong 872 7)生长和地上部N、磷 (P)浓度的影响及原因。试验设 3 5 0 μmolmol- 1 和 70 0 μmolmol- 1 两种CO2 浓度水平和 45kghm- 2 和 90kghm- 2 两种N肥施用水平。结果表明 ,CO2 浓度升高 ,冬小麦株高和叶面积指数 (LAI)均增加 ,净同化率 (NAR)值增加 ,叶面积比率 (LAR)下降 ,比叶重 (SLW )不增加。高CO2 浓度对相对生长率 (RGR)的影响因施N水平而异 ,低N时RGR不增加 ,高N时明显增加。CO2 浓度增加 ,小麦抽穗提早 7～ 8d ,叶鞘、茎杆和地上部干物重提高 ,叶片、叶鞘和茎杆N、P浓度降低 ,但叶片、叶鞘和茎杆N、P吸收量增加均不明显。CO2 浓度升高 ,氮磷利用效率 (NUE和PUE)提高 ,而对相对氮磷累积速率 (RNAR和RPAR)影响不大。高CO2 浓度冬小麦体内N、P浓度下降是由于稀释效应以及NUE和PUE提高之故。     

Optimal Management Practices for Nitrogen Application in Corn Cultivated During Summer and Fall in the Tropics

Optimal management practices for nitrogen (N) fertilization is well defined for corn (Zea mays) cultivated during summer (“summer” corn), but not for corn cultivated during the fall (“fall” corn) in the tropics. Two experiments were carried out to evaluate N rates (50, 100, 200, and 300 kg N ha^?1), N application timing (pre-planting – PP, V2–V3, and V5–V6) and N split application, once (at PP, V3, and V6), two (at V3+ V6) and three times (at PP+ V3+ V6) in corn cultivated during summer (2014/2015) and fall (2015/2016). Data on corn grain yield (CGY), weight of 1000-grains, leaf N content and values of soil-plant analyses development (SPAD) were collected and analyzed using univariate, multivariate (principal component analysis, PCA) and regression analysis. Results showed that corn growth was affected by N rates and splitting. Corn cultivated during summer presented higher CGY and weight-1000 g than corn cultivated during the fall. The highest yields were obtained with higher N rates on “summer” corn (125 kg N ha^?1) than “fall” corn (50 kg N ha^?1). Split N-application at vegetative growth stages, V3+ V6, or PP+ V2+ V6, provided higher yields for “summer” corn, while only PP application was a reliable period of N fertilization for “fall” corn. The finding is that corn cultivated during the fall presented a lower response to N and no obvious advantages to split N fertilization when compared to corn cultivated during summer. These optimal management practices for N fertilization in corn production in the tropics depend on soil water availability.