巢湖烔炀河水质空间分布特征及其改善策略

研究巢湖入湖河流炯炀河营养物质(N、P)和化学需氧量(CODcr)的空间分布特征,采用基于主成分分析(PCA)构造的多指标综合评价体系表征了河流水质空间变化趋势.炯炀河各段水质受到流域人类活动和河流自净功能的双重影响.上游炯河段污染最重,其F因子均值为1.03(范围0.05～1.64),主要是由炯炀镇生活污水排放、沿河固体废弃物堆积、农业面源污染等人类活动所致.炀河段水质相对较好,其F因子均值为-0.03(范围-0.08～0.04).炯河、炀河汇合后的炯炀河段水质自上游至下游总体上呈现先变差、后变好的趋势,其F因子均值为-0.30(范围-0.66～0.28),沿途农业面源污染对河水水质产生了显著影响.采用PCA分析对河流各项水质因子载荷大小比较后得出N、P是炯炀河水质的主控因子,第一主成分氮磷营养因子解释了河流水质空间变异的约60％.提出了炯炀河水质改善策略,为炯炀河生态型小流域规划与建设提供可行方案,为巢湖水环境治理决策提供科学依据.     

毛竹叶片N含量与SPAD值的相关性研究

对奉新县澡下林场毛竹笋材两用林进行平衡施肥试验,研究了不同平衡施肥配方毛竹叶片的含N量和SPAD值,探讨毛竹营养生长的相关性和毛竹林平衡施肥技术。结果表明:根据叶绿素计读数与叶的含N量相关性,推测竹林推荐氮肥需要量,据叶绿素计读数与竹产量所建立的回归方程,可求出叶绿素计测定的一个临界值36.99,当测定值小于36.99时,需施氮肥。用SPAD-502型叶绿素测定仪和相关函数可快速测定毛竹叶片N的含量,从而指导科学施肥。     

恩肥对平菇菌丝生长,产量及品质的影响

本文报道了恩肥的施用浓度、施用时期对平菇菌丝生长、产量和品质的影响。试验结果表明,施用恩肥可促进平菇菌丝生长和子实体发育,有利于提高产量及改善品质。用肥量为每1000ml PDA或每公斤干培养料0.2～0.3ml时,菌丝生长速度显著加快,长满袋的时间可缩短4～5d,子实体产量可提高45.7％～55.9％,蛋白质、必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸分别增加25.8％、14.94％和11.32％。在不同施肥时期中,又以现蕾期喷施效果最佳。     

耕作管理措施对残茬覆盖及其分解的影响

The effects of tillage methods on percent surface residue cover remaining and decomposition rates of crop residues were evaluated in this study. The line transect method was used to measure residue cover percentage on continuous corn (Zea mays L.) plots under no tillage (NT), conventional tillage (CT), chisel plow (CH), and disk tillage (DT). Samples of rye (Secale cereale L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) were used for residue decomposition study. Results showed that the percentage of residue cover remaining was significantly higher for NT than for CH and DT and that for CT was the lowest (< 10%). For the same tillage system, the percent residue cover remaining was significantly higher in the higher fertilizer N rate treatments relative to the lower fertilizer N treatments. Weight losses of rye and vetch residues followed a similar pattern under CT and DT, and they were significantly faster in CT and DT than in NT system. Also, the amounts of residue N remaining during the first 16 weeks were always higher under NT than under CT and DT.     

Effects of forage type and gibberellic acid on nitrate leaching losses

Nitrogen (N) leaching from soil into water is a significant concern for intensively grazed forage‐based systems because it can cause a decline in water quality and is a risk to human health. Urine patches from grazing animals are the main source of this N. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect that forage type and gibberellic acid (GA) application had on N leaching and herbage N uptake from urine patches on perennial ryegrass–white clover (RGWC), Italian ryegrass and lucerne. A lysimeter study was conducted over 17 months to measure herbage growth, N uptake and N loss to water beneath each of the three forage types with the following treatments: control, urine (700 kg N/ha) and urine with GA (8 g GA active ingredient/ha). Compared with RGWC (205 kg N/ha), N leaching losses were 35.3% lower from Italian ryegrass (133 kg N/ha) and 98.5% higher from lucerne (407 kg N/ha). These differences in leaching loss are likely to be due to winter plant growth and N uptake. During the winter months, Italian ryegrass had higher N uptake, whereas lucerne had lower N uptake, compared with RGWC. The application of GA had no effect on N leaching losses, DM yield or N uptake of forage treated with 700 kg N/ha urine.     

Nitrogen mineralization indicators under semi-arid and semi-humid conditions: influence on wheat yield and nitrogen uptake

The objectives were i) to assess indicators for potential nitrogen (N) mineralization and ii) to analyze their relationships for predicting winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth parameters (yield and N uptake, N_up) in Mollisols of the semi-arid and semi-humid region of the Argentine Pampas. Thirty-six farmer fields were sampled at 0–20 cm. Several N mineralization indicators, wheat grain yield and N_up at physiological maturity stage were assessed. A principal component (PC) analysis was performed using correlated factors to grain yield and N_up. The cluster analysis showed two main groups: high fertility and low fertility soils. In high fertility soils, combining PCs in multiple regression models enhanced the wheat yield and N_up prediction significantly with a high R² (adj R² = 0.71–0.83). The main factors that explained the wheat parameters were associated with water availability and N mineralization indicator, but they differ according to soil fertility.

Abbreviations: N: nitrogen; SOM: soil organic matter; POM: particulate organic matter; SOC: soil organic carbon; SON: soil organic nitrogen; POM-C: particulate organic carbon; POM-N: particulate organic nitrogen; N_an: anaerobic nitrogen; N_hyd: hydrolyzable N; NO₃-N: cold nitrate; N₂₀₅: N determined by spectrometer at 205 nm; N₂₆₀: N determined by spectrometer at 260 nm; Pe: extractable P; N_up: wheat N uptake; NO₃-N: inorganic N in the form of nitrate; FR: fallow rainfalls (March-Seeding rainfall); FLR: flowering rainfalls (October-December rainfall); GFR: grain filling rainfall (November rainfall); CCR: crop growing season rainfall (June-December rainfall); PCA: principal component analysis; PC: principal component; MR: multiple regression     

子午岭辽东栎群落碳储量研究

通过对黄土高原子午岭辽东栎林群落的碳储量进行研究,目的是为黄土高原森林碳储量提供基础数据,并借助本次研究探究能较准确估算黄土高原碳储量的方法。土壤碳密度采用积分法和分层法2种估算方法,验证了积分法在估算土壤碳储量上的准确性和方便性。乔木层采用相对生长模型,以实测75株解析木生物量的值作为基础数据,建立辽东栎单株林木各组分生物量与树高、胸径的回归方程,推算出整个辽东栎林各器官的生物量,从而算出其碳储量。结果表明,土壤积分法能够较好的估测碳储量。土壤碳储量分别是109.794 9 t.hm-2(90 cm分层法)和111.938 t.hm-2(100 cm积分法);乔木层、林下灌木层、草本层、枯落物的碳储量分别是53.452 9、2.700 5、4.482 7、5.243 9 t.hm-2,得出空间分布序列均为土壤层>乔木层>枯落物层>草本层>灌木层。最后引出辽东栎能够与真菌形成菌根共生体,菌根在辽东栎林的固碳作用可能为碳研究开辟一条新途径。     

小反刍兽疫病毒双抗原夹心时间分辨荧光免疫测定方法的建立

通过优化大肠埃希菌密码子、优化表达条件等方法,在大肠埃希菌表达系统中成功获得了可溶性的N蛋白与NH融合蛋白。进一步基于纯化的可溶性N蛋白与NH融合蛋白建立了小反刍兽疫病毒双抗原夹心时间分辨荧光免疫测定方法。该方法敏感性高,特异性强,能够特异性的检测羊血清中的小反刍兽疫病毒抗体,与其他相关疫病病原无交叉反应;重复性试验组内与组间变异系数均小于10%。对292份临床血清样品进行检测,与法国IDVET竞争ELISA试剂盒比较,阳性样品符合率为92.47%,阴性样品符合率为97.26%,总的符合率为94.86%。该方法与传统的ELISA方法相比,具有敏感性、特异性相当,操作简单、快速,具有较高的推广应用价值。     

多因素控制下渭北旱地小麦产量寻优的研究

在陕西渭北旱塬进行了连续三年定点小麦田间试验,通过栽培模式、氮肥水平、种植密度三因素的不同处理,研究多因素小麦栽培优化组合.结果表明:采用垄沟、覆膜、秸杆覆盖栽培模式对小麦穗数不产生影响;施用氮肥能极显著地影响小麦穗数,在施纯氮0～240 kg/hm2范围内,每增减纯氮1 kg,增减穗数4 288;增加播量,极明显地提高小麦穗数;不同的栽培模式、氮肥用量和小麦种植密度对小麦的穗粒数不产生影响;覆膜栽培与垄沟栽培之间千粒重差异显著,种植密度对小麦千粒重在不同的条件下影响明显,覆膜栽培条件下,高氮肥水平,低密度(播种量180 kg/hm2)的千粒重大于高密度(播种量225 kg/hm2),垄沟模式下,高氮水平(施纯氮240 kg/hm2)与中氮水平(施纯氮120 kg/hm2)之间差异不显著,但与不施氮肥相比,千粒重明显提高,秸秆覆盖模式下,高密度(播种量225 kg/hm2)与不施氮、高氮水平组合的平均千粒重最低,两者差异不显著,但与其它各组合差异显著.正常降水年份,旱地小麦采用一定的农业栽培模式,能够显著影响小麦的产量,尤其是覆膜下,产量显著高于对照;降水量多的年份,采用垄沟模式及秸秆覆盖模式对小麦产量甚至产生负效应.施用氮肥对小麦产量有极显著影响,在施纯氮0～240 kg/hm2范围内,每增减纯氮1 kg,增减籽粒产量5.7 kg;种植密度对小麦籽粒产量与生物产量的影响显著,秸秆覆盖栽培和常规栽培(对照)模式下籽粒产量差异显著,产量排列次序都为高密度(播种量225 kg/hm2)大于低密度(播种量180 kg/hm2),低氮和不施氮时,增加密度,可提高产量.