Population structure of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium asiaticum</Emphasis> from two Japanese regions and eastern China

Genetic subdivision of Fusarium asiaticum was investigated using a collection of 478 isolates originating from the Kyushu area and Aichi Prefecture, Japan and Zhejiang Province in China. Trichothecene-type determination by a multiplex PCR-test indicated that all isolates were either of a nivalenol (NIV) or a 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol (3ADON) type. The 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol (15ADON) type was not detected in this collection. Based on a Bayesian model-based clustering method using allele data obtained with 11 variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) markers, we detected three genetic clusters. The majority of isolates in the clusters were NIV isolates from both Japan and China, Japanese 3ADON and Chinese 3ADON isolates, respectively. High levels of fixation indices and low levels of effective number of migrants were observed between the genetic clusters. Data was re-analyzed by classifying the isolates into six groups according to trichothecene type and geographic location. Population analyses of these re-classified groups indicated that the genetic subdivisions of F. asiaticum were correlated with both trichothecene type and geographic differences. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Transformation of trichothecene mycotoxins by microorganisms from fish digesta

Trichothecene mycotoxins are commonly found in cereals worldwide and bring significant threats to the food industry and animal production. The aim of this research was to search for microbes from fish guts capable of transforming trichothecenes into less toxic compounds. Digesta of 62 fishes from nine species were screened for their ability to transform 4-deoxynivalenol (DON). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the reduction of DON concentrations and structures of DON-transformation products. The microbial community from one catfish Ameiurus nebulosus, namely microbial culture C133, completely transformed DON to deepoxy DON (dE-DON) at 15 °C in full medium after 96 h incubation. Various media and culture conditions were tested to evaluate their effect on DON transformation. Microbial culture C133 maintained high transformation ability over a broad range of temperatures from 4 to 25 °C and pH values from 4.5 to 10.4. The transformation of DON to dE-DON was enhanced in a rich medium such as full medium, nutrient broth and corn meal broth. Microbial culture C133 was then tested for its ability to transform other trichothecene mycotoxins; most of the toxins were transformed to deacetyl and/or deepoxy products. This is the first report on trichothecene transformation by microbes from the intestinal tract of fish.     

玉米大斑病菌毒素的结构鉴定和钝化反应

玉米大斑病菌（Ｅｘｓｅｒｏｈｉｌｕｍ ｔｕｒｃｉｃｕｍ）在改良Ｆｒｉｅｓ培养液中培养可以产生ＨＴ－毒素。ＴＬＣ分析表明：１号小种毒素至少有２种毒性成分,２号小种毒素至少有３种毒性成分。通过ＧＣ－ＭＳ、ＨＲＭＳ、ＮＭＲ分析表明组分Ｉ的分子式为Ｃ６Ｈ６Ｏ３,分子量１２６．０３２８,其化学结构为５－羟甲基－２－呋喃甲醛。组分Ⅱ分子量为１２４,初步推测为２,５－二甲醛呋喃。毒素钝化试验表明,代森锰锌、Ｎａ     

真菌毒素的生物测定方法研究概况Ⅲ．酶及代谢水平的生物测定

真菌毒素可以影响寄主植物体内酶及代谢途径发生改变，本文报道了５种酶类和４种代谢途径在毒素影响下的变化情况，这不仅可以做为毒素的定量生物测定方法，还可以用来研究毒素的作用位点。     

Earthworms promote the reduction of Fusarium biomass and deoxynivalenol content in wheat straw under field conditions

A field experiment was conducted to elucidate ecosystem services provided by earthworms on the repression of phytopathogenic and toxinogenic fungi. The study focussed on decomposing Fusarium culmorum-infected and deoxynivalenol (DON)-contaminated wheat straw remaining on the soil surface as part in conservation tillage. Mesocosms were established in the topsoil of a winter wheat field located in Northern Germany, where conservation tillage has been practised for 20 years. Besides a non-earthworm treatment, two earthworm species were inoculated in the mesocosms either separately or combined: Lumbricus terrestris (anecic, detritivorous) and Aporrectodea caliginosa (endogeic, geophagous). The earthworms were exposed either to artificially Fusarium-infected wheat straw highly contaminated with DON or to non-infected straw serving as a control. The experiment was conducted during an eight week period after harvest from mid August to mid October. For both species, the artificially Fusarium-infected and DON-contaminated wheat straw was a more attractive food source than the non-infected control. In contrast to A. caliginosa, L. terrestris incorporated infected straw faster into the soil compared to control straw. Furthermore, the reduction of Fusarium biomass and DON concentration in wheat straw was significantly higher in the presence of L. terrestris than in treatments with A. caliginosa and without earthworms. Here, no significant differences could be measured between the Fusarium biomass and DON concentration in wheat straw. A. caliginosa seems not to be relevant for the reduction of Fusarium biomass and DON concentration. We concluded that amongst earthworms, anecic detritivorous species are the drivers to compensate possible negative consequences (like crop infection) of conservation tillage. They take an important role in the control of phytopathogenic and toxinogenic fungi surviving on plant residues and in the degradation of their mycotoxins.     

霉变饲料中添加复方霉菌毒素吸附剂对肉鸡人工感染发生的影响

本试验旨在研究霉变饲料和／或添加复方霉菌毒素吸附剂对肉鸡人工感染发生的影响。选取140羽1日龄健康的AA肉鸡随机分成7个组．每组4个重复。第1组为空白对照组,饲喂基础日粮;第2组饲喂霉变饲料;第3～7组以混合感染病鸡病变组织匀浆饮水制作人工感染疾病模型;第3～7组分别饲喂基础日粮、霉变饲料、霉变饲料＋复方霉菌毒素吸附剂、霉变饲料＋复方霉菌毒素吸附剂＋抗氧化剂、霉变饲料＋复方霉菌毒素吸附剂＋抗氧化剂＋中药增免剂。试验期35d。结果发现,肉鸡摄入霉变饲料与摄入正常饲料相比,提高肉鸡料重比和死淘率,显著降低肉鸡增重、胸腺指数、法氏囊指数,显著降低血清IBDV、H9N1v和NDV抗体水平（P〈0．05）。给人工感染肉鸡饲喂霉变饲料与饲喂正常饲料相比．显著提高料重比和死淘率,显著降低肉鸡增重、胸腺指数和脾脏指数,显著降低血清IFN-1、IL-2、IL-4和IL-12含量以及LTR,显著降低血清IBDV、H9N1V和NDV抗体水平（P〈0．05）。霉变饲料中添加复方霉菌毒素吸附剂能显著提高混合感染肉鸡增重,并降低料重比和死淘率（P〈0．05）,显著提高胸腺指数、法氏囊指数（P〈0．05）,显著提高血清IBDV、H9N1V和NDV抗体水平（P〈0．05）。可见,霉变饲料可导致肉鸡免疫功能抑制,加重肉鸡混合感染病情;复方霉菌毒素吸附剂能有效缓解霉变饲料对人工感染肉鸡生产性能、免疫功能和病情的不利影响,抗氧化剂和免疫功能增强剂可减轻霉变饲料的毒性作用。     

三元母猪留做繁殖母猪的问题探讨及建议

三元母猪做繁殖母猪是现下一种很无奈又很普遍的现象,但由于母猪没有经过专业的选育及科学的饲喂,往往产仔后问题很多,最常见的问题表现在新生仔猪腹泻,这种腹泻多是因为三元母猪在生长的过程中没有添加脱霉剂,导致霉菌毒素中毒,霉菌毒素破坏了仔猪的肝脏及免疫系统,导致新生仔猪对乳脂利用率差以及自身免疫力低下的双重原因引起腹泻。文章针对仔猪的腹泻情况做详细阐述及针对三元母猪留做繁殖母猪给出一些相应的建议。     

不同吸附剂处理霉变饲料的锦鲤饲喂效果研究

为探讨不同吸附剂对霉变饲料的脱毒效果,将脱霉素、葡配甘露寡糖(EMG)分别与黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)及呕吐毒素(DON)按不同配比加入锦鲤的基础日粮,分两组饲喂360条锦鲤,40天后测定锦鲤血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性、总蛋白(TP)和白蛋白(ALB)水平及肝脏与体重比。结果表明:各组锦鲤血清中TP和ALB浓度均无显著(P>0.05)变化;脱霉素显著(P<0.05)抑制了高浓度DON条件下锦鲤的肝脏与体重比;AFB1显著(P<0.05)提高了AST、ALT活性,高剂量DON显著(P<0.05)提高了AST活性;两种吸附剂均能在一定程度上抑制AST、ALT活性升高,且EMG的效果要优于脱霉素。这表明脱霉素和EMG能有效缓解AFB1和DON导致的锦鲤肝功能损伤。     

奶牛专用霉菌毒素吸附剂对泌乳奶牛生产性能的影响

奶牛饲料原料中霉菌毒素广泛存在,并严重地威胁着奶牛健康,影响着奶牛生产性能的发挥。本试验选择年龄、胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数接近的荷斯坦奶牛90头,随机分成两组考察奶牛专用霉菌毒素吸附剂对乳牛生产性能的影响。在饲喂等量的基础日粮上,对照组额外添加20g/(d·头)精料补充料,试验组添加霉菌毒素吸附剂——普乐菲特20g/(d·头),其他饲养管理方式不变。该试验预饲期7d,试验期77d。结果表明,霉菌毒素吸附剂的添加不影响乳脂、乳蛋白,但对提高产奶量以及降低原料奶中体细胞数(P0.05)有明显的效果。本研究表明,日粮添加霉菌毒素吸附剂可有效提高原料奶质量,提高牧场整体经济效益。     

玉米中霉菌毒素对仔猪疫苗免疫应答的影响

[目的]研究霉变玉米中的毒素对仔猪免疫应答的影响。[方法]使用ELISA方法测定了霉变玉米中黄曲霉毒素B1和赭曲霉毒素A的含量;将霉变玉米饲喂仔猪,并测定仔猪血清中相应的抗体效价。[结果]试验组抗体水平明显低于对照组,免疫器官的组织切片也表明霉菌毒素可以明显抑制仔猪的免疫应答反应。[结论]玉米霉菌毒素对仔猪内脏器官和免疫应答具有重要影响。